Acetate utilizers

Most vinyl acetate is presently produced by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of acetic acid and ethylene that involves subsequent reoxidation of reduced palladium. This report describes an alternative process for vinyl acetate utilizing syn gas as feedstock, thus avoiding the necessity for ethylene (see figure 1). Of course, at this time of plummetting oil prices, a route utilizing syn gas cannot... 

S. Hanessian and E. Moralioglu, Chemistry of l-(dimethylamiiio)ethylklcne and a-(dimethyl-amino)benzylidene acetals. Utility as blocking groups for diols and for selective esterification. Tetrahedron Lett. 813 (1971) S. Hanessian and E. Moralioglu, Chemistry and synthetic utility of a-(dimethylamino)benzylidene and 1 -(dimethy lamino)ethylidene acetals. Con. J. Chem. 

Tomlinson, N. Carbon dioxide and acetate utilization by Clostridium kluyveri. II. Synthesis of amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 209, 597—603 (1954). 

Hols, P., Ramos, A., Hugenholtz, J., Delcour, I, De Vos, W. M., Santos, H., and Kleerebezem, M. 1999. Acetate utilization in Lactococcus lactis deficient in lactate dehydrogenase A rescue pathway for maintaining redox balance. J. Bacteriol., 181, 5521-5526. 

Table IV. Growth Medium Utilized for Study of Cation Effects on Acetate-Utilizing Methane Bacteria...

Figure 11. Effect of individual cation concentration on rate of acetate utilization (10)...

Figure 16. Effect of potassium and acetate on acetate utilization rate...

The total synthesis of 3(S)-carboxy-4(S)-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridazine, the unusual amino acid constituent of luzopeptin A, in 32% overall yield from malonaldehyde dimethyl acetal utilizes regioselective ring opening of a chiral epoxide (114), (Scheme 94). Immediate acidification of the relatively unstable intermediate hydrazono acid with trifluoroacetic acid gives the product in 65% yield from (114) the cw-isomer was made as a racemate <89JOC3260>. 

T. kl is, however, not a specialist heterotroph and the addition of the specialist acetate-utilizing Spixnllum G7 to the two-membered culture led to wash out of T. kl, resulting in a coexisting population of the two specialists (Figure 10a). 

TODD, R.B., ANDRIANOPOUL, O.S.A., DAVIS, M.A., HYNES, M.J. FacB, the Aspergillus nidulans activator of acetate utilization genes, binds dissimilar DNA sequences, EMBOJ., 1998,17, 2042-2054. 

Apirion, D. (1965), The two-way selection of mutants and revertants in respect of acetate utilization and resistance to fiuoroacetate in Aspergillus nidulans. Genet. Res. 6, 317-329. 

As the supply of energy-rich substrates diminished, the primitive photosynthetic cells no doubt developed photochemical reactions for storing more of the absorbed energy. A primeval ancestor of the acetate-utilizing photosynthetic bacteria may have evolved. Indeed, the central position in metabolism occupied by acetate may... 

Morken has recently disclosed a Rh-catalyzed stereoselective enolization technique for the transformation of the conjugated ester 140 into the -silylketene acetal utilizing dichloromethylsilane as a reducing agent. Intermediate 141 undergoes the Ireland-Claisen rearrangement to yield 142. ... 

Duncan SH, Barcenilla A, Stewart CS, Pryde SE, Flint HJ. Acetate utilization and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA) acetate-CoA transferase in butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 68 5186-5190. 

This is a greater energy yield than derived from acetate (-31 kJ mol methane, Table 1.2), and hydrogenotrophic methanogens grow much more quickly that acetate-utilizing methanogens. 

Ahring BK, Schmidt JE, Winther-Nielsen M, N cario AJL, Conway de Macario E (1993) Effect of medium composition and sludge removal on the production, composition and structure of thermophilic (SS C) acetate-utilizing granules from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 2538-2545... 

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