Acetaminophen, molecular structure

Fig. 2.1. Illustrative example of a MOLFile for acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol), (a) Molecular structure of acetaminophen, commonly known as Tylenol. Tylenol is a widely used medicine for reducing fever and pain, (b) MOLFile for acetaminophen.

Isomalt has very good thermal and chemical stability. When it is melted, no changes in the molecular structure are observed. It exhibits considerable resistance to acids and microbial influences. Isomalt is non-hygroscopic, and at 25°C does not significantly absorb additional water up to a relative humidity (RH) of 85 paracetamol (acetaminophen) tablets based on isomalt were stored for 6 months at 85% RH at 20°C and retained their physical aspect. ... 

FIGURE 7.32 The molecular structures of some analgesics (a) aspirin (b) acetaminophen and (c) morphine. Note how slight the differences are among morphine, codeine, and heroin. 

Figure n.4 Molecular structures and Raman spectra of (a) acetaminophen, an active ingredient (b) Cellulose, an organic inactive ingredient (c) Calcium carbonate, an inorganic inactive ingredient. 

Figure 11.15 Molecular structures of (a) acetaminophen (b) chlorpheniramine maleate (c) dextromethorphan ...

Fig. 3.1. Visualization of a drug molecule N-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acetamide (Tylenol or acetaminophen) computerized with different levels of graphic representations. (A) Molecular structure of the drug Tylenol. (B) Ball-stick model showing atomic positions and types. (C) Ball-stick model with van der Waals dot surfaces. (D) Space-filled model showing van der Walls radii of the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms. (E) Solvent accessible surface model (solid) (solvent radius, 1.4A). (See black and white image.)...

Variations on the molecular structures have provided improved side effect profiles of agents used. For example, although phenacetin and acetaminophen are not anti-inflammatory agents, they are included in this chapter, because they are analgesics and antipyretics and illustrate the point that improvement in molecular structure from phenacetin to acetaminophen helped to reduce the hepatotoxicity and risk for drug-induced hemolytic anemia with which phenacetin was associated when it was on the market in the past. 

In contrast, infusion reactions, which are due to the nature of antibody production and structure, represent a class effect of monoclonal antibodies. To address these potentially fatal events, clinical researchers have examined such factors as duration of infusion [164] the role of premedication with antihistamines, acetaminophen, and/or corticosteroids and the molecular etiology of antibody infusion reactions. Infusion reactions may be broadly characterized as cytokine-dependent or hypersensitivity reactions [165]. Cytokine-dependent reactions arise from the interaction of a monoclonal antibody with molecular targets on tumor cells, blood cells, or effector cells, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF a and interleukin (IL)-6 [166]. In a hypersensitivity reaction, the structure of a monoclonal antibody is recognized as an antigen by the patient s immune system. IgE is produced and... 

Masuda K, Tabata S, Sakata Y, Hayase T, Yonemochi E, Terada K (2005) Comparison of Molecular Mobility in the Glassy State Between Amorphous Indomethacin and SaUcin Based on Spin-Lattice Relaxation Times. Pharm Res 22(5) 797-805 Matsumoto T, Zografi G (1999) Physical properties of solid molecular dispersions of in-domethacin with poly (vinylpyrroUdone) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl-acetate) in relation to indomethacin crystallization. Pharm Res 16(11) 1722-1728 Miyazaki T, Yoshioka S, Aso Y, Kojima S (2004) Ability of fxtlyvinylpyrrohdone and polyacrylic acid to inhibit the crystallization of amorphous acetaminophen. J Pharm Sci 93(11) 2710-2717 Miller D, Lechuga-BaUesteros D (2006) Rapid assessment of the structural reltixation behavior of amorphous pharmaceutical sohds effect of residual water on molecular mobility. Pharm Res 23(10) 2291-2305... 

Drug Structures aspirin (Figure 63.1), 2-acety-loxy-benzoic acid, C H O molecular wt 180.16 acetaminophen (Figure 63.2), 4 -hydroxyacetan-ilide, CjHjNOj molecular wt 151.17 caffeine (Figure63.3), l,3,7-trimethykanthine,CjHj( 02 molecular wt 194.19 butalbital (Figure 63.4),... 

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