Accumulation of energy

Virst law. This is the law of conservation of energy which states that the flow of energy into a system must equal the flow of energy out of the same system minus the energy that remains inside the system boundary. For an open system in which the energy flows are not time dependent and in which there is no accumulation of energy in the system, the first law may be written as... 

In designing the process and equipment, use chemical engineering principles to minimize the accumulation of energy or materials and to contain the energy and materials ... 

The second alternative that can be considered is incomplete thermal-ization. Initial excess energy in the C2H4 + as well as excitation owing to energy released in the condensation reactions may not be completely removed between reactive encounters with C2H4. The accumulation of energy will cause increased decomposition. In 0.1-torr ethylene and 10-torr xenon 100 collisions with xenon will occur between a collision with ethylene. The above interpretation of the results suggests that 100 collisions are not sufficient for thermalization. 

Enthalpy of input streams — enthalpy of output streams -I- heat generated by reaction — heat transferred out = accumulation of energy... 

B Some accumulation of energy 1 s to 10 min kinetic influence Some benefits (selectivity and process volume) from improved temperature control and better mixing/transport... 

C >70% accumulation of energy Very fast <1 s mixing controlled High quality mixing and mass transfer. High heat transfer area gives temperature control. Intensified and/or structured reactors. 

A system which changes steady state due to the loss or accumulation of energy and/or material in it. The system has changing excess energy over a stable state. 

Since equation 12.3-7 represents an enthalpy (or internal energy) balance, the rate of accumulation of energy is the rate of change of enthalpy, H (or internal energy, U) of the reacting system ... 

The terms of Equation (3-1) are heat flows, that is, flows of energy per unit time (per unit of mass). The accumulation of energy in the system and the corresponding temperature rise per unit time can be calculated if the terms (II), (III), and (IV) are known. These terms comprise the following types of energy ... 

Much interest has recently been shown in artificial photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a system for conversion or accumulation of energy. It is also interesting that some reactions occur simultaneously and continuously. Fujishima et al. [338] pointed out that a photocatalytic system resembles the process of photosynthesis in green plants. They described that there are three important parts of the overall process of photosynthesis (1) oxygen generation by the photolysis of water, (2) photophosphorylation, which accumulates energy, and (3) the Calvin cycle, which takes in and reduces carbon dioxide. The two reactions, reduction of C02 and generation of 02 from water, can occur simultaneously and continuously by a sonophotocatalytic reaction. 

Breakdown may occur below the measured DS because of an accumulation of energy through inexact dissipation of the current. This leads to an increase in temperature and thermal breakdown. Breakdown means sudden passage of excessive current through the material that often is visible. 

Another potential model simplification involves assuming negligible energy accumulation in the gas phase as compared to that in the solid, which is equivalent to the earlier approximation [Eq. (66)] based on the relative magnitude of the energy accumulation in the gas and solid. For our system, the accumulation of energy in the solid is approximately 250 to 300 times that in the gas phase due to the relative thermal capacitance of the gas [Eq. (65)] and the similarity of the temporal behavior of the gas and catalyst temperatures (e.g., Fig. 19). Thus the accumulation term in the energy balance... 

An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, or from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction which is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation. 

From these values it is clear that allowing accumulation of energy into more than one vibrational mode dramatically increases the rate of activation. A value of 5 = 6 corresponds to a non-linear molecule with four atoms. If larger molecules were considered, s would be much larger and the increase in kx even more dramatic. 

Die size of the stock and their fatness declined dramatically in 1983 because of the outbreak of the medusa Aurelia aurita, which prospered on the enhanced level of zooplankton and competed with the sprat for food. Surprisingly, the sprat stock overcame the pressure from Aurelia the following year, and its fatness increased. Two years after that the medusae declined in numbers and the sprat stock increased dramatically. This reduced the food supply - and so the fatness of the stock declined. Die sprats grew fat again only when their numbers dropped in 1988. The food factor therefore influenced both the accumulation of energy and reproduction in the stock. 

FACTS - AN ACCUMULATION OF ENERGY SECURITY RISKS AND UNSATISFACTORY SUSTAINABILITIES... 

Rate of accumulation of energy within the control volume... 

The principle that underlies ail energy balances is the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. This law is also called the first law of thermodynamics. In its most general form, the first law states that the rate at which energy (kinetic + potential -I- internal) is carried into a system by the input streams, plus the rate at which it enters as heat, minus the rate at which it is transported out of the system by the output streams, minus the rate at which it leaves as work, equals the rate of accumulation of energy in the system. (That is, accumulation = input - output, as would be expected.)... 

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