Accident counter-measures

The risk-homeostasis theory focuses on the degree of caution exercised by individuals in the handling of accident risks. Accident rates are, according to the risk homeostasis theory, determined mainly by the accident risks that people on average are willing to take (Wilde, 1982). It is a rather pessimistic perspective as to the effects of non-motivational accident counter-measures. Elimination or reduction of hazards in the workplace will result in decreased caution on the part of the individual. This behavioural change will by and large offset the effects of the measures. 

A common use of SHE information systems is in monitoring the status of accident counter-measures. In this case, relevant information has to do with responsibilities for actions, deadlines and the extent to which they have been met or not. The aim is to ensure that the feedback loop has been closed. 

The objectives of these two Conventions are to ensure that in case of an accident measures will be taken to notify all States which might be afiected, and to facilitate prompt assistance to countries that do not have the capability to take necessary counter measures. Neither convention addresses accident prevention. 

The successive information filtering from the work-system level through different managerial levels to top management is necessary in order to avoid information overload. It is a concern, however, that this necessary filtering should not result in distorted or biased information. If this is the case, the feedback processes of the SHE management systems will actually be counterproductive. They may reinforce wrong accident perceptions and thus result in inefficient counter-measures. 

The measurement is based on the growth of Am and can be carried out only after a long growth period, between 4 and 20 years. Even after 4 years, the activity ratio of Am/ " Pu is only 1 166. Thus, the lower limit of detection for Pu by direct measurement using a proportional counter is about 10 mBq, whereas Am build-up requires about 200 mBq for detection [90]. The plutonium alpha spectra obtained have to be compared with the same spectra obtained 4-20 years earlier. This then enables the " Pu content to be estimated on the basis of the increase in the 5.49 MeV peak of Am, which takes into account the Pu present in the environmental sample from the Chernobyl accident. The " Pu activity is calculated [88] according to equation (15.15) ... 

This section gives a general explanation of the safety systems operation and the type of systems deployed. It generally describes the sequence of operation of the safety systems. Under emergency conditions, accident propagation and counter balance measures are discussed. 

Description of critical condition subcritical multiplication, subcritical measurements, need for start-up source, start-up accident and prevention by counter interlock. 

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