Absorption elderly

Calcium carbonate should be taken with food to maximize absorption. Elderly patients or patients receiving proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists may have added difficulty absorbing calcium supplements because of reduced stomach acidity. Better absorption may occur in this setting with calcium citrate because an acid environment is not needed for absorption it may be taken with or without food. 

Vitamin Deficiency. Vitamin deficiency is uncommon in normal adults. However, when it does occur, it can be serious, particularly in pregnant women. Some vitamin deficiency can occur because of a large reduction of fat intake, which decreases absorption. Strict vegetarians also risk reduced vitamin intake. Premature infants and elderly people who are exposed to minimal sunlight and consume Htde vitamin also have a reduced capacity to metabolize and can develop vitamin deficiency. 

In the vitamin D deficiency disease rickets, the bones of children are undermineralized as a result of poor absorption of calcium. Similar problems occur in adolescents who are deficient during their growth spurt. Osteomalacia in adults results from demineralization of bone in women who have little exposure to sunlight, often after several pregnancies. Although vitamin D is essential for prevention and treatment of osteomalacia in the elderly, there is little evidence that it is beneficial in treating osteoporosis. 

Wu, X., Cao, G., and Prior, R.L., Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry, J. Nutr, 132,1865, 2002. Matsumoto, H. et al.. Orally administered delphinidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside are directly absorbed in rats and humans and appear in the blood as the intact forms, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 1546, 2001. 

Elder, R.C., Tepperman, K.G., Eidsness, M.K., Heeg, M.J., Shaw, C.F. Ill and Schaeffer, N. A. (1983) Gold-based antiarthritic drugs and metabolites. Extended x-ray adsorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). ACS Symposium Series, 209, 385-400. 

For example, elderly patients living in musing homes will not be able to meet vitamin D requirements and will need supplementation. Vitamin D deficiency is common in elderly patients owing to decreased exposure to sunlight and subsequent decreased vitamin D synthesis in the skin, decreased gastrointestinal absorption of vitamin D, and reduction in vitamin D3 synthesis. Individuals living in northern climates also have decreased exposure to sunlight and are less likely to achieve vitamin D requirements. 

PA Kramer, DJ Chapron, J Benson, SA Merik. Tetracycline absorption in elderly patients with achlorhydria. Clin Pharmacol Ther 23 467-472, 1978. 

M Mayersohn, The xylose test to assess gastrointestinal absorption in the elderly a pharmacokinetic evaluation of the literature. J Gerontol 37 300-305, 1982. 

TL Russell, RR Berardi, JL Barnett, TL O Sullivan, JG Wagner, JB Dressman. pH-related changes in the absorption of dipyridamole in the elderly. Pharmaceut Res 11 136-143, 1994. 

Finally, drug absorption and excretion have not been evaluated in pediatric or geriatric populations. However, here again the tolerability of rifaximin in childhood and in the elderly has found to be extremely good [33]. 

The absorption rate of drugs administered as intramuscular or subcutaneous injections may be affected in elderly because of reduced tissue blood perfusion. This is also true for transdermal administration, e.g. patches and gels, of drugs (Turnheim 2003). 

There are many prevalent conditions in the elderly that can interfere with the normal pharmacokinetic process. The changes in the gastrointestinal tract due to aging do not normally give any problems with drug treatment but in combination with diverse chronic ailments, they do. The absorption of drugs can be disturbed by the... 

The advice on vitamins for the general population is that supplementation is unnecessary for a normal diet. However, vitamin deficiency can occur in the elderly (due to poor nutrition, and lack of sunlight) the very young, the malnourished, when food absorption problems exist or when there is an exceptional demand as in pregnancy. Some of the general points about vitamins are ... 

Pharmacokinetics The half-life of levodopa may be prolonged following the extended-release form because of continuous absorption. In elderly subjects, the mean time to peak levodopa concentration was 2 hours for extended-release vs 0.5 hours for conventional. The maximum concentration following the extended-release form was about 35% of the conventional form. 

Lomef/oxac/n- Absorption is rapid. Following coadministration with food, rate of absorption is delayed, and the extent of absorption (AUC) is decreased by 12%. Steady-state concentrations are achieved within 48 hours of initiating once daily dosing. Mean renal clearance is 145 mL/min in subjects with normal renal function, which may indicate tubular secretion. In healthy elderly volunteers, plasma clearance was reduced by about 25% and the AUC was increased by about 33%. Adjustment of dosage is necessary. 

Norfloxacin - Absorption is rapid. Food or dairy products may decrease absorption. Steady-state norfloxacin levels will be attained within 2 days of dosing. Norfloxacin is eliminated through metabolism, biliary excretion, and renal excretion. Renal excretion occurs by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. In healthy elderly volunteers, norfloxacin is eliminated more slowly because of decreased renal function. In patients with Ccr rates 30 mL/min/1.73 m or less, the renal elimination decreases so that the effective serum half-life is 6.5 hours dosage alteration is necessary. 

Factors that may increase absorption from ophthalmic dosage forms include lax eyelids of some patients, usually the elderly, which creates a greater reservoir for retention of drops, and hyperemic or diseased eyes. 

Absorption intestine, inhalation, skin Sensitive individuals fetus, children, and elderly... 

Protein has long been classified as a factor that causes Ca to be wastefully excreted from the body. Less is documented in relation to how it affects Ca absorption. Dawson-Hughes has reported that a dietary protein increase of 20% combined with a low Ca intake of 800 mg/day in elderly men and women lowers the amoimt of absorbable Ca by 23%. In contrast, a high protein diet (between 18.16% and 29.14% of total dietary energy from protein) in the presence of a high Ca intake... 

Kinyamu, H. K., Gallagher, J. C., Balhorn, K. E., Petranick, K. M., and Rafferty, K. A. (1997). Serum vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption in normal young and elderly free-living women and women living in nursing homes. Am. ]. Clin. Nutr. 65, 790-797. 

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