Abel apparatus

Flash Point.—With the Abel apparatus as for paraffin oil (Vol. 

The Pensky-Marten apparatus using a closed or open system (ASTM D-93, IP 34, IP 35) is the standard instrument for flash points above 50°C (122°F), and the Abel apparatus (IP 170) is used for more volatile oils, with flash points below 50°C (122°F). The Cleveland open-cup method (ASTM D- 92, IP 36) is also used for the determination of the fire point (the temperature at which the sample will ignite and bum for at least 5 s). 

The closed cup flash point is measured by the Abel apparatus when the flash point is below 23 (BS 2000 Part 33 1982, NF M 07-011-1955), by the Abel-Pensky... 

The apparatus have various names, Abel-Pensky, Pensky-Martens (PM in our tables), Tag (T), Cleveland (C), Setaflash (S), Luchaire. These abbreviations can be associated with the oc and cc abbreviations. Each country has its own preferences, and, plainly, this situation will not enable flashpoints to be obtained with minimum required coherence. 

Abel or Kl-Starch Test at 65.5°C. A brief description is given in Vo 1 of Encycl, p A2-L, while a detailed description including the drawing of apparatus and prepn of Kl-starch paper, is in BurMinesBull 51 (Ref 1, pplO—12) (See also Ref 14, pp5-14 5-15)... 

Nitromethane can be ignited by an open flame. Corelli [25] reported, that the flash point in the Abel-Pensky apparatus is 35-37°C and the temperature of auto-ignition is 440°C (Constam and Schlaepfer s method). 

Abel-Pensky flash-point apparatus. Instrument used for the determination of the flash point of petroleum. 

The Abel closed-cup apparatus (IP 170) consists of a brass cup sealed in a small water bath that is immersed in a second water bath. The cover of the brass cup is fitted in a manner similar to that in the Pensky-Marten apparatus. For crude oils and products with flash point higher than 30°C (>86°F), the outer bath is filled with water at (131°F) and is not heated further. The oil under test is then placed inside the cup. When the temperature reaches 19°C (66°F) the pilot flame is introduced every 0.5°C (l.O F) until a flash is obtained. For oils with flash points in excess of 30°C (>86 F) and less than 50°C (<122°F), the inner water bath is filled with cold water to a depth of 35 mm. The outer bath is filled with cold water and heated at a rate of l°C/min (1.8°F/min). The flash point is obtained as before. 

The synthesis of hexamethyldisilathiane from sodium sulfide and chloro-trimethylsilane is described here. The present method is based on the convenient in situ syntheses of alkali metal selenides and diselenides. Commercial sodium sulfide or lithium sulfide are reported to be poor substitutes for in situ generated sulfides in this reaction. For example, in 1961 Abel reported that disodium sulfide reacts with chlorotrimethylsilane in pressure vessels at 250°C for 20 h to produce I. Our procedure is very convenient, utilizing readily available starting materials and apparatus under mild conditions. The yields are t3q)ically 80-88% at 0.3-mol scale. However, it can be improved to 90-95% on small scale ( 50-mmol) reactions. This procedure can be applied to the synthesis of various disilathianes. 

The Manufacture of Gun-Cotton.— The method used for the manufacture of gun-cotton is that of Abel (Spec. No. 1102,20. 4. 65). It was worked out chiefly at Stowmarket[A] and Waltham Abbey,[B] but has in the course of time undergone several alterations. These modifications have taken place, however, chiefly upon the Continent, and relate more to the apparatus and machinery used than to any alteration in the process itself. The form of cellulose used is cotton-waste,[C] which consists of the clippings and waste material from cotton mills. After it has been cleaned and purified from grease, oil, and other fatty substances by treatment with alkaline solutions, it is carefiilly picked over, and every piece of coloured cotton rag or string carefully... 

Abel Closed Cup. One of several types of apparatuses used for determining flash points. 

Flowever, for cut-backs and fluxed bituminous binders, the flash point is usually determined by the Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus (ISO 2719 2002 or ASTM D 93 2013), by the tag open-cup apparatus (AASHTO T 79 2012 ASTM D 3143 2008) or by the Abel closed-cup apparatus (CEN EN ISO 13736 2013). 

When the Pensky-Martens apparatus is used, the expected flash point of cut-backs and fluxed bituminous binders should be >60°C when the tag open-cup apparatus is used, the expected flash point may vary from >38°C to >66°C and when the Abel closed-cup apparatus is used, the flash point may vary from 23°C or less to >45°C. 

Figure 6.6 Schematic representation of an apparatus for the determination of a flash point with a closed cup according to Abel-Pensky [11].

When adulterated with most types of petroleum products, the temperature of distillation rises gradually, and no large fractions are obtained at any definite temperature when the adulteration is at all excessive. The presence of ordinary petroleum spirit lowers the flash-point of turpentine. When pure it flashes at 92 to 95 F. when tested in Abel s flash-point apparatus. With only 1 per cent, of ordinary petroleum spirit this temperature is reduced by 10. ... 

Determination of Flash Point by Abel s Flash Point Apparatus... 

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