A Measuring Length

Centimeter ruler. A device that you will use frequently to measure short distances is shown in FIGURE A.l. It is often called a centimeter ruler because it is numbered in centimeters. The metric units are also compared with inches in FIGURE A.l. 

Many micrometers are calibrated in millimeters (mm) and can be read to the nearest 0.01 mm. You read the length to the nearest 1 mm from the horizontal scale and then add the tenth and hundredth digits from the barrel scale as shown on the expanded scale of FIGURE A.2. The expanded scale indicates 9 mm (4 divisions beyond 5 mm on the horizontal scale) plus 0.99 mm (between 95 and 0 on the barrel scale). Thus, the ball bearing in the jaws of the micrometer has a diameter of 9.99 mm. 

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The only sure way to determine the burning time of any kind, or even roll, of safety fuse is to cut a measured length of it, light it, and time it. The operator can then select a length which will provide the time delay he desires. 

Electrical pumps are a good alternative to traditional glass and brass samplers. They enable us to collect samples from a discrete depth directly into the sample containers using a measured length of the intake tubing. The appropriate pump type is selected based on the lift capacity and the analyte nature. Samples for VOC analysis may be collected with a pump at pump rate of lOOml/min. 

The electrolysis cell consists of a working-electrode at which the species to be determined is reduced or oxidized or at which a chemically reactive species is formed, and a counter-electrode. In practice electrolysis may be at constant potential, in which case the Current diminishes to zero as the reaction goes to completion, or at constant current. The quantity of electricity involved in the former is measured by means of a chemical ebuiometer or by integrating the area under the current-time curve. Constant current methods involve the generation of a titrant for a measured length of time, the completion of the reaction with the species to be determined being indicated by any of the... 

The capillary diameters were measured by weighing a measured length of the appropriate stainless steel tubing. The mean outer diameter d of the tube was measured with a micrometer and the internal diameter d2 calculated. 

This fuse does not have a waterproof coating and it must be tested by burning a measured length before actual use. 

In the great majority of cases the emission of the 7-ray occurs immediately after a- or /3-decay, i.e. within 10 s, but in some instances the nucleus may remain in the higher energy state for a measurable length of time. The longer-lived exited nuclei are called isomers. An example is " Co, which decays with a half-life of 10.5 min to the ground state of Co. The decay is referred to as isomeric transition. 

In some cases, it may be more convenient to meter lithium to a reaction as a measured length of rod, wire, and ribbon. Because of the softness of the metal, these operations are simple to perform. In laboratory tests a die chamber 3.75 inches in diameter was fitted with orifices ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 inch in diameter. Extrusions were run at 32° and 100°C. Pressures required to cause a flow of... 

Specially constructed cells are used to measure the gas transmission rate. After a film sample has been clamped into a cell, test gas is flushed through chambers on both sides of the sample. Test gas is admitted to one side of the sample the test chamber on the other side is evacuated, and gas is allowed to permeate through the film sample into the evacuated chamber for a measured length of time. Using the geometry of the cell and film sample, with the measured pressure and temperature of the test gas which permeated the sample, the GTR can be calculated. (See Fig. 

A word is necessary here about the units employed in this chapter. The unit g dtex" is one familiar to organic fibre scientists. It incorporates the density of the polymer and is based on the definition that fibre or yarn of one tex weighs 1 g per 1000 m length. Since the densities of many of the new fibres to be described are only approximately known (they lie in the region of 1-3-1-5 g cm" ) while the decitex value of a fibre can be determined by weighing a measured length, we have not attempted the conversion to SI units but offer the conversion equations ... 

We fix a unit for this quantity, which allows us to communicate the result of a measurement. Length, for example, is measured in meters time is measured in seconds. 

Fig. 2. Roughness value Ra along the gradient axis. Each point is calculated from a measured length peipendicular to the gradient axis. The Ra value was determined according to DIN EN ISO 4288-98. Measurements were carried out with a laser profilometer.

For example, a 1-dimensional curve such as a coastline may have one length according to one definition, but may have arbitrarily small irregularities giving rise to a different, larger length by another definition. This is a fractal curve. The fractal dimension Dp is defined by Dp = [(log Lq - log L )/log S] + D where Lq is a constant, L is a measured length,... 

Glass Fiber. A glass filament that has been cut to a measurable length. Staple fibers of relatively short length are suitable for spinning into yarn. 

For the measurements, suspensions of spherical quasi monodisperse particles in distilled water are used (particle sizes specified by the manufacturer (Xspec) 522, 214, 70.6, 39.63, and 19.98 pm). The measurements are carried out in a cuvette with a measurement length of 10 mm. The movement of the particles through the light beam is ensured by a stirring rod in the cuvette. 

The quantity x is the degree of polymerization, the number of repeating units strung together as identical beads in the polymer chain. It is sometimes also called the chain length, but it is a pure number, not a measurable length. 

In the case of static tension two extensometers with a measuring length of 245 mm attached to both faces of the specimen were used. The static test data, i.e. the load-deformation relationship and the load-cross-head displacement relationship were recorded on X-Y plotters. 

Dynamic deformation measurements were conducted using a LVDT transducer (measuring length of 60 mm) and an Instron extensometer with a measuring length of 55 mm (Fig.3). The load output from the load cell, the cross-head displacement signal and two deformation signals were... 

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