A-acetylaspartylglutamate

A-Acetylaspartylglutamate (= NAAG] (peptide) Animals NMDA-Glu-R agonist... 

The hypothesis of oxidative damage to striatal neurons mediated by neuroleptic drug enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission has been tested in a case-control study (257). Several markers of excitatory neurotransmission (A-acetylaspartylglutamate, A-acety-laspartate, aspartate, and glutamate) and of oxidative damage (superoxide dismutase, protein carbonyl... 

Figure 6 A H MRS spectrum from normal human brain at 7T. An 8 ml VOI was localized in the parietal white matter using STEAM with effective TE 6 ms, repetition time 5 s, TM 32 ms, and the collection of 160 averaged echoes. Outer volume suppression, employing SECH pulses, was used and FASTMAP was used to shim the VOI. Peaks undefined in the main text are myoinositol - myo-lns taurine - Tau glutathione - GSH aspartate -ASP A/-acetylaspartylglutamate - NAAG macromolecule - MM. (Reprinted with permission from Tkac I, Anderson P, Adriany G, et at. (2001) In vivo NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at 7 Tesla. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 46 451-456 Wiley-Liss, a subsidiary of Wiley.)...

Cangro CB, Namboodiri MA, Sklar LA, Corigliano-Mutphy A, Neale JH (1987) Immunohis-tochemistry and biosynthesis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in spinal sensory ganglia. J Neu-rochem 49(5) 1579-1588... 

Bacich D. J., Ramadan E., O Keefe D. S., Bukhari N., Wegorzewska I., Ojeifo O., Olszewski R., Wrenn C. C., Bzdega T., Wroblewska B., Heston W. D., and Neale J. H. (2002). Deletion ofthe glutamate carboxypeptidase II gene in mice reveals a second enzyme activity that hydrolyzes N-acetylaspartylglutamate. J. Neurochem. 83 20-29. 

Gafurov B., Urazaev A. K., Grossfeld R. M., and Lieberman E. M. (2001). N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is the probable mediator of axon-to-glia signaling in the crayfish medial giant nerve fiber. Neuroscience 106 227-235. 

BaslowMH, GuilfoyleDN. 2006. Functions of N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in brain Evidence of a role in maintenance of higher brain integrative activities of information processing and cognition. Adv Exp Med Biol 576 95-112 ... 

Nudmamud S, Reynolds LM, Reynolds GP. 2003. N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate deficits in superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder A postmortem study. Biol Psychiatry 53 1138-1141. 

IV-Acetyl Aspartate The presence of NAA is attributable to its A -acetyl methyl group, which resonates at 2.0 ppm. This peak also contains contributions from less-important A -acetyl groups, such as 7V-acetylaspartylglutamate, which resonates at 2.05 ppm. In normal spectra, NAA is the largest peak. Although this metabolite is the most abundant metabohte in mammahan brain, and the most extensively studied peak at MRS, it was never mentioned in biochemistry textbooks before its discovery with in vivo MRS. 

The exact role of NAA in the brain is still unclear. It is an important cellular osmolyte, a storage vehicle for aspartate and glutamate, and a metabolic precursor of the excitatory dipeptide 7V-acetylaspartylglutamate. It possibly... 

Moffett, J. R., Namboodiri, M. A. A., and Neale, J. H. (1993). Enhanced carfoodiimide fixation for immunohistochemistry—application to the comparative distributions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat brain. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41,559-570. 

Zaczek R, Koller K., Cotter R, Heller D., and Coyle J T (1983) N-Acetylaspartylglutamate. an endogenous peptide with high affinity for a brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Set USA 80, 1116-1119. 

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