3D approaches

B. Debbaut, B. Hocq, J. M. Marchal, Y. Jiang, and V. Legat, Blow Molding a 3D Approach, Proc. Ill World Congr. on ComputationalMechanics, IACM, Chiba, Japan, 1994, pp. 1580-1581. 

We performed a combined 2D and 3D analysis of chemical and biological space to identify ion channel privileged chemotypes. The 2D approach was based on a collection of biologically active compounds and consisted mainly of similarity and substructure searching and of analysis of common frameworks and fragments. Our 3D approach relied on multiple ion channel pharmacophores and homology models, which were used for virtual screening. 

Liu, Z. and Liu, C. (1994). Fourth order finite difference and multigrid methods for modeling instabilities in flat plate boundary layer- 2D and 3D approaches. Computers and Fluids, 23, 955-982. 

A 2D or 3D approach employing two or more orthogonal separation techniques or separation methods with different mechanisms of separation will significantly improve the chances of resolving a complex mixture of cell proteins into their individual components. M D peptide separation will play an increasingly important role on the road to identifying and quantifying the proteome. 

Summary of Wafer Level 3D Approaches Table 15.1 presents the perceived pros and cons of the 3D approaches discussed in this chapter, with respect to various characteristics offered by 3D integration. If an aspect is viewed as challenging, then it is currently limiting some application of 3D or requires significant process modification to address a rating of good implies... 

How do alignment, thinning, and HAR processing affect the density of interconnects possible in a wafer-level 3D approach ... 

Discuss the advantages of using 3D integration at the early stages of BEOL fabrication (with 0-2 levels of metal present) for each wafer-level 3D approach discussed. Repeat for late stages of BEOL fabrication (with as many as 10 levels of metal present). 

What are the issues associated with manufacturing (such as yield, reliability, and cost) when nonplanar structures are bonded for various wafer-level 3D approaches ... 

The MudPIT procedure is a powerful approach to comprehensive proteome mining. In a comparison of the biphasic MudPIT approach (Figure 18. la) with either ID-RPLC-MS or triphasic MudPIT (Figure 18. Ib), 26, 55, and 62 proteins were identified from a complex protein mixture associated with bovine brain microtubules using the ID, 2D, and 3D approach, respectively [46]. The 3D approach enabled the identification of some hydrophilic peptides that were missed by the 2D approach. Even a tetraphasic MudPIT with longer columns was described [47]. 

MFTA often gives models that are comparable in quality of description and prediction to models based on the widely used classical QSAR methods and 3D approaches. 

Weighted Holistic Invariant Molecular (WHIM) indices [77] represent a different 3D approach to overcome the molecular 3D alignment problem, as they are invariant to molecular rotations and translations. These indices encapsulate information about the molecular 3D structure in terms of size, shape, symmetry and atom distribution, solely derived from Cartesian coordinates. 

Similarly to the expressions found by Singer and Chandler [80] for the RISM/HNC equations, the KH approximation (4.f3) allows one to obtain the free energy functions in a closed analytical form avoiding the necessity of numerical coupHng parameter integration. The derivation is analogous for both RISM and 3D-RISM/KH equations [28], and is shown here in the context of the 3D approach. The excess part of the solvation chemical potential, in excess over the ideal translational term, can be related to the 3D site correlation functions by the Kirkwood s charging formula... 

Three Dimensionality The flow field in a baffled tank is highly three-dimensional. Baffles both reduce the swirl and produce top to bottom circulation in the tank. Without baffles, any rotating impeller will produce a two-dimensional flow which is mainly rotational. The baffles induce drag and force the swirling fluid up the wall. This transforms a two-dimensional, swirling flow into a three-dimensional flow with low swirl, particularly in the outer third of the tank. A survey of the simulation literature shows that 2D simulations of baffled tanks were virtually abandoned as soon as computational speed would support a 3D approach. No adequate way to model the effect of the baffles in two dimensions was ever found. 

Alternatively, in a primary three-dimensional (3D) approach 3D rendered images are primarily used for the detection of abnormalities. A complementary 2D method is then used for problem solving. 

Alternatively, evaluation of CT-colonography examinations can be done in a primary 3D approach, in which an (endo)luminal view of the colon is combined with a requisite 2D method. 

---