Z 2-acyl

Spahn-Langguth, H. and Benet, L.Z., Acyl glucuronides revisited is the glucuronidation proces a toxification as well as a detoxification mechanism Drug Metab. Rev., 1992, 24, 5. 

The basic media exceptions can be easily understood if we invoke HSAB theory and realize that the kinetic and thermodynamic products are different. As L becomes a poorer donor, the partial plus on the acyl carbon increases, making it harder. Acylation on the heteroatom of the allylic source is fast for acyl halides and anhydrides where the acyl carbon is harder (greater partial plus) than the acyl carbon of esters. If the reaction is under kinetic control (allylic source added to an excess of acyl halide or anhydride), the Z-acylated product is formed however, if equilibration occurs (excess of allylic source), the product will be the C-acylated, thermodynamic product. 

In acidic media, the electron sink is most often the carbocation produced from protonating the acylating agent, and therefore the sink is very hard. Attack by the Z end (harder end) of the allylic source is very fast. For enols, the Z-acylated kinetic product can be isolated. Since the Z-acylated enol is itself an allylic source (but weaker), it can be forced by more vigorous conditions to equilibrate to the more stable C-acylated product. For enamines, the Z-acylated enamine is a good acylating agent any excess of enamine will attack it and equilibrate it to the more stable C-acylated product. 

Spahn-Langguth, H. Benet, L.Z. Acyl Glucuronides Revisited Is the Glucuronidation Process a Toxilication as Well as a Detoxification Mechanism Drug Metab. Rev. 24,5 8 (1992). 

Discussing the stereochemical outcome of the Claisen rearrangements, two aspects had to be considered. On one hand, the relative configuration of the new stereogenic centers was found to be exclusively syn in 308 and 309 suggesting a chair-like transition state c-a and c-fS, respectively, including a Z acyl ammonium enolate structure (complete simple diastereoselectivity/internal asymmetric induction, Scheme 10.64). 

Mizuno K, Sakuda S, Nihira T, Yamada Y. Enzymatic resolution of Z-acyl-J-hydroxymcthyl-4-butanolide and preparation of optically active IM-2, the autrxegulator from Screptomyces... 

Chiral 2-oxazolidones are useful recyclable auxiliaries for carboxylic acids in highly enantioselective aldol type reactions via the boron enolates derived from N-propionyl-2-oxazolidones (D.A. Evans, 1981). Two reagents exhibiting opposite enantioselectivity ate prepared from (S)-valinol and from (lS,2R)-norephedrine by cyclization with COClj or diethyl carbonate and subsequent lithiation and acylation with propionyl chloride at — 78°C. En-olization with dibutylboryl triflate forms the (Z)-enolates (>99% Z) which react with aldehydes at low temperature. The pure (2S,3R) and (2R,3S) acids or methyl esters are isolated in a 70% yield after mild solvolysis. 

Mass Spectrometry Aldehydes and ketones typically give a prominent molecular ion peak m their mass spectra Aldehydes also exhibit an M— 1 peak A major fragmentation pathway for both aldehydes and ketones leads to formation of acyl cations (acylium ions) by cleavage of an alkyl group from the carbonyl The most intense peak m the mass spectrum of diethyl ketone for example is m z 57 corresponding to loss of ethyl radi cal from the molecular ion... 

Both 2- and 3-methyl groups in pyrido[2,3-Z ]pyrazines are acylated by ethyl oxalate (71TH21500). They give (preferentially 3-) styryl derivatives with aromatic aldehydes and oximes with pentyl nitrite. 

Pyrazoles, isoxazoles and isothiazoles with a hydroxyl group in the 3-position (491 Z = NR, O, S) could isomerize to 3-azolinones (492). However, these compounds behave as true hydroxy derivatives and show phenolic properties. They give an intense violet color with iron(III) chloride and form a salt (493) with sodium hydroxide which can be O-alkylated by alkyl halides (to give 494 R = alkyl) and acylated by acid chlorides (to give 494 R = acyl). 

Cushny has compared the action of d- and Z-hyoscyamines with that of atropine, and of d-homatropine with that of dZ-homatropine in antagonising the action of pilocarpine, and finds that the order of activity of the first three is in the ratio 1 40 20, and of the second two in the ratio 4 2-5. He drew attention also to the important influence of the acyl radical in the tropeines, which exercises the maximum effect when it is a hydroxyalkyl aromatic residue and is laevorotatory and in illustration of this point gives the following table of relative activities on the basis of capacity to antagnonise pilocarpine in the salivary fistula dog —... 

Low yields of 5-acyl-2,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,l-Z ]oxazoles (37) were obtained by treatment of 2-acyl-5-nitropyrrole (35) with ethylene oxide. Better yields are reported starting from hydroxy derivative 36a or its acetate 36b using sodium hydride in THE The presence of an acyl group at the position 2 was found necessary for the cyclization (Scheme 5) (71JCS(C)2554). 

Q, 9/3,9n/3)]-9-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-6-oxoperhydropyrido[2,l-Z)][l, 3]thiazine-4-carboxylic acid was obtained from the methyl ester by treatment with 2 N LiOH in MeOH at 0°C for 4.5 h. The carboxyl group was coupled with amino esters. The 9-(benzyloxycarbonylamino) group was deprotected by treatment with a 1 1 mixture of TFA and CH2CI2 at room temperature and the amino group was acylated with an amino acid (97MIP4, 98USP5710129). 

The 3-amino group of 3,4-diamino-2//-pyrido[l,2-u]pyrimidin-2-ones 216, obtained from 3-nitroso derivatives by reduction with Na2S204 in 30% NH4OH at 70-80 °C, was acylated with acyl chlorides, and the acylated products 217 were cyclized to pyrido[2,l-Z)]purin-10-ones 218 by treatment with NaOMe (95JHC1725). 

Reductive amination of vanillin with ammonia leads to benzylamine 94. Acylation of that compound with (Z)-9-octadecenoyl chloride affords the analgesic olvanil (95) [23]. 

Table 12. Enantioselectivities in the acylation and deacylation steps in the burst kinetics of the reaction of (Z)-Phe-PNP(52)...

Apparently, the 1H NMR spectra of 1 //-azepines are invariant over substantial temperature ranges.61 However, temperature dependence has been noted69 in the 13CNMR spectra of some 1 -acyl-1 //-azepines, and is attributed to hindered rotation about the N-CO bond rather than to ring-inversion phenomena AG free enthalpies of activation for hindered rotation of 62-66 kJ moP1 have been calculated. E/Z-rotamcr ratios for l-aroyl-l//-azepines have been assessed and show a slight preference for the -rotamer 22 however, an X-ray structural analysis of l-(4-bromobenzoyl)-2-methyl-3.5,7-triphenyl-l//-azepine demonstrates that in the crystal state it is exclusively in the E configuration.22... 

Mass spectral data on l-(arylsulfonyl)-l//-azepines have been amassed,73 and the fragmentation patterns of several 1-acyl-1//-azepines elucidated.61 For the latter systems, the base peaks correspond to the azatropylium cation (m/z 92). Loss of hydrogen cyanide to yield the cyclo-pentadienyl cation (m/z 65) has also been noted. 

In acid solution 1-acyl-1//-azepines and alkyl l//-azepine-l-carboxylates undergo rapid aromatization to A-arylcarbamates,115,139,142 whereas 1/Z-azepine-l-carbonitrile suffers quantitative rearrangement and hydrolysis to phenylurea.163 Rearrangement of ethyl l//-azepine-l-carboxylate to ethyl A-phenylcarbamate is also rapid (5 min) and quantitative with boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex in benzene.245... 

Hydroxy-substituted iron-acyl complexes 1, which are derived from aldol reactions of iron-acyl enolates with carbonyl compounds, are readily converted to the corresponding /i-methoxy or /1-acetoxy complexes 2 on deprotonation and reaction of the resulting alkoxide with iodomethane or acetic anhydride (Tabic 1). Further exposure of these materials to base promotes elimination of methoxide or acetate to provide the a,/ -unsaturated complexes (E)-3 and (Z)-3 (Table 2). 

Aldol reaction of the a-trimethylsilylated enolate 9 with aldehydes provides nearly equal amounts of chromatographically separable ( )- and (Z)-isomers of iron-acyl complexes 11 via silyloxide elimination from the intermedate aldolate 10 (Table 3). This methodology has been the most commonly employed entry to the (Z)-isomer series. 

The lithium enolate of the oc-silyl-substituted iron-acyl complex 19 reacts with aldehydes, however, products of the Peterson elimination process (E)- and (Z)-22 are usually isolat-ed22- 23,36.37 for t[1js anc other preparations of a,/t-unsaturated iron-acyl complexes see Section I.3.4.2.5.I.3.). 

Sulfur-stabilized ylides underwent photodriven reaction with chromium alkoxy-carbenes to produce 2-acyl vinyl ethers as E/Z mixtures with the E isomer predominating (Table 22) [ 121-123]. The reaction is thought to proceed by nucleophilic attack of the ylide carbon at the chromium carbene carbon followed by elimination of (CO)5CrSMe2. The same reaction occurred thermally, but at a reduced rate. Sulfilimines underwent a similar addition/elimination process to produce imidates or their hydrolysis products (Table 23) [ 124,125]. Again the reaction also proceeded thermally but much more slowly. Less basic sulfilimines having acyl or sulfonyl groups on nitrogen failed to react. 

Elektronenreiche Carboxy-N-heteroarene erleichtern ebenfalls die Hydrogenolyse (anwesende Alkoxycarbonyl- bzw. Formyl- oder Acyl-Gruppen werden mitreduziert). Pyrrol-carbonsauren werden z. B. durch Lithiumalanat in Diathylather oder THF zu den entsprechenden Methyl-pyrrolen reduziert4 s z, B.4 ... 

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