Yttrium mechanical properties

Paulik SW, Baskaran S, and Armstrong TR. Mechanical properties of calcium-sub-situted yttrium chromite. J. Mater. Lett. 1999 18 819-822. 

Baddeleyite has a monocHnic structure with space group Plljc. The Zr + ion has seven-fold coordination, while the idealized ZrOz polyhedron is close to tetrahedral orientation, where one angle in the structure is different significantly from the tetrahedral value. Natural baddeleyite is a raw material for zirconium. In industry ZrOz, named usually zirconia, is important in areas such as surface chemistry, where its activity as a red ox material and its acid-based functions are important. As a ceramic material, zirconia can resist very high temperatures and its stabihzed form, yttrium-stabihzed zirconiiun, shows remarkable mechanical properties. 

The structure of these sialons is based on that of a-SisN4, but requires the presence of other metal ions (M) for stabilisation. The M ions are typically yttrium and rare-earths, but can also be Mg or Ca. The values of m and n in the formula depend on the metal ion present. The a-sialons, which have extremely good mechanical properties, also form technically useful solid solutions with P-sialons. The Si chemical shift of a-sialon (about - 48 ppm) is similar to that of Si3N4 and appears to be insensitive both to the sialon composition and the nature of the M ion (Leach et al. 1990). 

It was previously shown that rapidly solidified Al-RE and Al-TM-RE alloys (RE is rare earth metal or yttrium, TM is transition metal) have amorphous structure in relatively wide range of compositions and alloying elements [1], Similarly to rare earth metals and Y, Sc belongs to the IIIB group of the Periodic Table of Elements, but we have found no data on the influence of Sc on the formation of amorphous structure in A1 alloys in the literature. On the other hand, Sc is known for a many-sided improving action on many crystalline A1 alloys [2], The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of Sc on the structure and mechanical properties (hardness) of rapidly solidified binary Al-Sc alloys as well as of Al-Ce-Sc and Al-Ni-Ce-Sc amorphous alloys. 

Christel, P., Meunier, A., Heller, M., Torre, J.P., and Peille, C.N. (1989) Mechanical properties and short-term in-vivo evaluation of yttrium oxide-partially-stabilized zirconia. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 23 (1), 45-61. 

I. N. Avertseva, M. V. Raevskaya, Hydrogen permeability and mechanical properties of palladium alloyed with ruthenium, samarium, yttrium, and neodymium, Phys. Met. Metall. 1994, 77(5), 518-521. 

Transparent YAG ceramics (yttrium aluminate garnet, Y3AI5O12) have excellent optical and mechanical properties. Besides flieir widespread applications in solid-state lasers, transparent YAG ceramics have also been used as envelopes in lamps [10, 11]. As expected, the corrosion resistance of YAG to rare-earth halide fills was less than that of PCA. For instance, the wall could be attacked by the rare-earth halide fills (Reis), such as Tmis, after a prolonged duration of application, due to the following reaction ... 

D. Popovich and J. L. Lombardi, Fabrication and mechanical properties of polymer melt spun yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) fiber, Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 18 [3], 65-72 (1997). 

Scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide mettils comprise 17 elements for which systematically-determined mechanical property data are sparse. Pioneering work on the mechanical properties of rare earth metals was done in the mid to late 1950 s and was conducted almost exclusively by three groups B. Love and associates at Research Chemicals, Inc. C.R. Simmons and associates at General Electric Co. and E.M. Savitskiy and associates in the USSR. Since that time the number of investigations has increased and the property values have changed considerably with improvements in metal purification methods. 

Simmons, C.R., 1%1, The Mechanical Properties of Yttrium, Scandium, and the Rare Earth Metals, in Spedding, F.H., and A.H. Daane eds.. The Rare Earths (John Wiley and Sons, New York), pp. 428-452. a) Lithium-reduced scandium fluoride, distilled and arc-melted into buttons, b) Calcium reduced scandium fluoride in tantalum crucibles contain 2-5 w/o Ta. c) Arc-melted yttrium low value for 500 ppm O and 700ppm F, high value for 2500 ppm O, 3000 ppm F. (500 kg. load, 10 mm indenter.)... 

Carlson, O.N., D.W. Bare, E.D. Gibson, and F.A. Schmidt, 1959, Survey of the Mechanical Properties of Yttrium and Yttrium Alloys, in Symposium on Newer Metals, A.S.T.M. Special Technical Publication No. 272 (American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia), pp. 144-159. Yttrium prepared by reduction of YF3 with calcium in the presence of magnesium (intermediate alloy process) in a titanium reaction vessel. 

Simmons, C.R., 1961, The Mechanical Properties of Yttrium, Scandium, and the Rare Earth Metals, in Spedding, F.H., and A.H. Daane eds.. The Rare Earths (John Wiley and Sons, New York), pp. 428-452. 

Love, B., 1960, The Metallurgy of Yttrium and Rare Earth Metals. Part II. Mechanical Properties, WADD-TR-60-74 (Pt.2). Wright Air Development Division, U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (June 1960). 

Fibers of mullite and/or yttrium altuninum garnet, Y3AI5O12 (YAG) which possess excellent high temperature mechanical properties such as high flexural strength and low... 

Addition of Yttrium. Yttrium in small amounts has been added to titanium alloys to reduce grain size and improve forgeability. The mechanical properties of titanium alloys may be deleteriously affected through segregation of 5Tttrium. The possibility of segregation and precipitation or agglomeration of yttria must be considered a potential... 

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