Y-shaped separator

Figure 7.20 Schematics of wettability based separators, (a) Y-shaped separator. (Adapted with permission from Ref [54]. Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society.) (b) Membrane separator. (Adapted from Ref [72] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)...

Different types of wettability-based separators have been used for separation of two immiscible liquids. Some of the examples are shown in Figure 2.17. The Y-shaped separator that was used for aqueous-organic systems comprised one inlet and two outlets. The splitter consists of a hydrophobic PTFE capillary with a steel needle having an internal diameter equal to the internal diameter of the Y-junction, being fitted into one of the outlets. The aqueous phase has a strong affinity toward... 

A cell devised by J. Vareille4 in which the gases are effectively separated by a system of Y-shaped troughs which completely divide cathodes from anodes. 

Figure 8 A schematic of the reactor used to synthesize the nanoparticles described in this chapter. Cd and Se precursor solutions are stored in two separate syringes and injected at flow rates Ft and F2 into the two inlets of a y-shaped microfluidic device. The microfluidic device rests on a hot plate of variable temperature T. The reagent streams meet at the point of confluence and nucleation, and growth of the particles occurs as they pass along the outlet channel. The emission spectra of the particles so produced are monitored prior to collection at a detection-zone downstream of the chip using a 355-nm Nd YAG laser as an excitation source and a fiber-optic-coupled CCD spectrometer.

The adsorptive separation of pinenes on Zeolites is reported.303 The C-6 and C-7 13C n.m.r. chemical shifts in bicyclo[3,l,l]heptanes support other known conformational evidence and confirm that cls-pinane and ds-myrtanol (209 X = OH) have a bridged-boat conformation, that trans-myrtanol has a bridged-chair conformation, and that trans-2-pinanol and myrtenol (210 X = OH) have Y-shaped conformations verbenone (211 R R2 = O), and trans-verbenol (211 R1 = H, R2 = OH) give anomalous results which may be due to a conjugation effect the bridged-chair... 

Fig. 3.2. Model of the cytochrome oxidase monomer. The structural model of the membrane-bound cytochrome oxidase monomer that has emerged from image reconstruction studies of two-dimensional crystals [102-106] is an asymmetric Y -shaped molecule (see also Ref. 99). A considerable part protrudes on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, but only little on the M side. In the membrane there are two separated domains. Chemical labelling and cross-Unking studies (see Refs. 85, 92, 95, 96, 99 for reviews) have given at least a rough topography of the individual subunits. The protruding C-domain is made up mainly of subunits I, II, III and V, while the aqueous M-domain is largely due to subunit IV. The two membranous domains are formed by subunits I and III, but also subunits II, IV, Villa and Vlllb (Table 3.3) probably contribute with 2, 1, 1 and 1 transmembranous polypeptide segments, respectively.

Figure 5 shows that there must be two identical antigen-binding sites (more in the case of serum IgM and secretory IgA) hence, the basic Y-shaped Ig molecule is bivalent. This bivalency permits antibodies to crosslink antigens with two or more of the same epitope. Antigenic determinants that are separated by a distance can be bound by an antibody molecule. 

FIGURE 44.13 Schematic of the layout for a separation chip fabricated in standard <110>- oriented silicon with either x-shaped (I) or y-shaped (II) channel outlet, (a) Mask alignment. Reproduced from Nilsson A., et al.. Lab on a Chip, 4, 131-135, 2004. With permission from Royal Society of Chemistry, (b) Channel cross-sections. Reproduced from Nilsson A., et al.. Lab on a Chip, 4, 131-135, 2004. With permission from Royal Society of Chemistry. 

The entire structure is Y-shaped and has a molecular weight of about 160,000. The common end of IgG, sometimes refered to as the F(. portion of the molecule, has a fixed structure (i.e., does not vary between different IgG molecules). Conversely, the two separate heavy-light chain combinations in IgG, sometimes refered to as the Fab portions of the molecule, contain variable amino acid sequences that have a tertiary structure which permits the molecule to bind strongly to a specific region, "epitope", of the foreign substance, "antigen", for which it was generated. 

The first weather-protected application concerned house service installations comprising one phase and one neutral core. The termination for this consists of a Y-shaped heat-shrinkable moulding. The house service cable is prepared by stripping off the lead sheath and separating the phase and neutral cores with the insulation intact. These are then threaded up and out of the arms of the Y piece. The Y piece is then shrunk so that it overlaps the lead sheath and the upper arms are covered with tubing. An ordinary propane gas torch is used as a heat source and the total shrinking time is less than 5 min. A suitable earth clip is fitted to the lead sheath to provide consumer earthing facilities. 

In 1994 Rhodia was granted a patent for the production of an Al/OHx/Cly poly-aluminiumchloride compound for water treatment. The production was, however, associated with the formation of an undesirable insoluble secondary product. Use of a 14 m semi-batch reactor did not allow separation, and the solution was to install a quick mixer which was Y-shaped and mixed the reactants under good... 

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