Y-L Sinks Reacting with Common Sources

Since Y often represents an electronegative atom, Y+ is usually a poor cation, so SnI is ruled out, commonly leaving Sn2. The ApATa rule is helpful in determining the position of equilibrium in the displacement of a leaving group by a nucleophile. 

Sulfur example—formation of a tosylate from toluenesulfonyl chloride and an alcohol  

A follow-up elimination to the alkene sometimes occurs (see next subsection). 

Adenosine triphosphate, ATP4-, is the body s energy currency and a Y-L sink. It activates compounds by phosphorylation. The mechanism of the enzyme glycerol kinase (Fig. 8.1) is postulated to go by a pentacovalent phosphorus intermediate. A base in the active site makes the oxygen lone pair more nucleophilic by deprotonating it as it attacks 

2 Bases Reacting with Y-L Having an Adjacent CH, Oxidations 

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Section 8.3 Y-L Sinks Reacting With Common Sources... 

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