X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS method

From the various methods to be used to investigate the electronic structure of metals, probably the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods brought forth the information most relevant for catalysis and surface science. These methods are best suited to monitor the changes in characteristics parameters of the d-bands by alloying, and since the most catalytically active metals are transition metals where d-orbitals are the frontier orbitals (Fermi level is cutting the d-band), the interest in these methods is not incidental. 

Langmuir-Blodgett film transfer was used to prepare composites of GdS nanoparticles on Au substrates by Samokhvalov etal. [20]. Gharge transfer was observed using laser photochemical techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods were used to study oxidation states. Photochemical studies... 

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