X-ray diffraction, scattering

X-ray diffraction Scattering, mainly by electrons, followed by interference (A = 0.01-1 nm) Electron density map of crystal 10- sbut averaged over vibrational motion crystal —10 cm1 Location of light atoms or distinction between atoms of similar scattering factor difficult in presence of heavy atoms... 

It should be standard for each newly prepared batch of nanoparticles to characterize all chemical as well as physical properties, and report all data necessary to prove unequivocally purity and size/size distribution including, but not limited to, 1H NMR (absence of free, non-bound ligands, ammonium salts, or other impurities/ reagents) and elemental analysis and/or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, ICP-OES/MS (providing information about purity as well as monolayer coverage in conjunction with size information provided by TEM, X-ray diffraction/scattering or DLS). 

Small Angle X-ray Diffraction Scattering and Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy... 

---