X PRIZE

Wearable technology consists of wearable electronics, a term that mainly includes simple and more complex electronic devices and their embedding within textile structures. A good example of the popularity of the research subject is the current Qualcomm Tricorder X-Prize competition for the best portable, wireless device that monitors and diagnoses health conditions (XPRIZE, 2014). Undoubtedly, as the aim is that the device monitors such elements as blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature, some of the sensors of the device will come in the form of textile-embedded electronics. 

To stimulate the development of new technology that will increase the speed and decrease the cost of sequencing human genomes, the X PRIZE (worth 10 million) has been created. It will be given to the first team that can build a device that can sequence the whole genome of 100 human subjects in 30 days or less with the following criteria ... 

Composites were introduced into nonmilitary aircraft by pioneers such as Bert Rutan, whose Voyager airplane that flew nonstop around the world without refueling and his SpaceShipOne that won the X-prize built almost entirely from laminated composites. Rutan s company. Scaled Composites is known for its use of nonmetal, fiber-composite materials in the development of concept aircraft, and prototype fabrication processes. 

Watson and Crick shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in physiol ogy or medicine with Maurice Wilkins who with Rosalind Franklin was responsible for the X ray crystallographic work... 

This slow diffusion of a crucial new technique can be compared with the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) by Binnig and Rohrer, first made public in 1983, like X-ray diffraction rewarded with the Nobel Prize 3 years later, but unlike X-ray diffraction quickly adopted throughout the world. That invention, of comparable importance to the discoveries of 1912,now(2 decades later) has sprouted numerous variants and has virtually created a new branch of surface science. With it, investigators can not only see individual surface atoms but they can also manipulate atoms singly (Eigler and Schweitzer 1990). This rapid adoption of... 

When Max Planck wrote his remarkable paper of 1901, and introduced what Stehle (1994) calls his time bomb of an equation, e = / v , it took a number of years before anyone seriously paid attention to the revolutionary concept of the quantisation of energy the response was as sluggish as that, a few years later, whieh greeted X-ray diffraction from crystals. It was not until Einstein, in 1905, used Planck s concepts to interpret the photoelectric effect (the work for which Einstein was actually awarded his Nobel Prize) that physicists began to sit up and take notice. Niels Bohr s thesis of 1911 which introduced the concept of the quantisation of electronic energy levels in the free atom, though in a purely empirical manner, did not consider the behaviour of atoms assembled in solids. 

What molecular architecture couples the absorption of light energy to rapid electron-transfer events, in turn coupling these e transfers to proton translocations so that ATP synthesis is possible Part of the answer to this question lies in the membrane-associated nature of the photosystems. Membrane proteins have been difficult to study due to their insolubility in the usual aqueous solvents employed in protein biochemistry. A major breakthrough occurred in 1984 when Johann Deisenhofer, Hartmut Michel, and Robert Huber reported the first X-ray crystallographic analysis of a membrane protein. To the great benefit of photosynthesis research, this protein was the reaction center from the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis. This research earned these three scientists the 1984 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 

Based on the strong recommendations of her German physics colleagues, Meitner received a research position in the Stockholm laboratory of Manne Siegbahn, the Swedish physicist who had received the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics for his precision measurements on X-ray spectra. Siegbahn provided laboratory space for Meitner, but no suitable equipment for her to continue the research she had started in Berlin, and little encouragement for her work. 

Siegbahn s Nobel Lecture, cited by X. H. de V. Heathcote in Xofel Prize Winners in Physics 1901-1950, page 224. 

Nitrocellulose foils as standards of thickness, 297-300 Nobel Prize awards, 2 Noise, from amplifier, 59, 60 from multiplier phototube, pulse-height selection for removal, 219 Nomenclature of x-ray analytical instruments, 124, 125... 

Roentgen, definition of the, 248 Roentgen, W. C., discovery and investigation of x-rays by, 2, 9-12, 43 Nobel Prize awarded to, 2 production of secondary x-rays by, 12 x-ray absorption studies by, 11 x-ray papers of, 2... 

X-ray radiant intensity, definition, 6 X-ray research, Nobel Prize awards for, 2... 

George de Hevesy (1885-1966 Nobel Prize for chemistry 1943) and Dirk Coster (1889-1950). The search for this element was long, and it was eventually found as a companion of zirconium minerals by means of X-ray spectroscopy. 

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