Work to proportional limit

Table 1 shows that fiber stress at proportional limit, work to proportional limit, and maximum crushing strength are the mechanical properties most affected by changing moisture content by only + 1 % below the FSP. The change in mechanical properties from green to ovendry are shown in Table 2. 

Fiber stress at proportional limit Modulus of rupture Modulus of elasticity Work to proportional limit Work to maximum load Impact bending... 

Work to Proportional Limit. The WPL is the measure of work performed in going from an unloaded state to the elastic or proportional limit of a material (Figure 6). For a beam of rectangular cross section under centerpoint loading, WPL is found by calculating the area under the stress-strain curve from zero to the proportional limit. 

The abihty of a fiber to absorb energy during straining is measured by the area under the stress—strain curve. Within the proportional limit, ie, the linear region, this property is defined as toughness or work of mpture. For acetate and triacetate the work of mpture is essentially the same at 0.022 N/tex (0.25 gf/den). This is higher than for cotton (0.010 N/tex = 0.113 gf/den), similar to rayon and wool, but less than for nylon (0.076 N/tex = 0.86 gf/den) and silk (0.072 N/tex = 0.81 gf/den) (3). 

The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) applies a single antibody to measure small molecules. The assay works on the principle that two antigens, enzyme-labeled and unlabeled analytes, compete for binding to the limited number of binding sites on the primary antibody, which is subsequently bound to the immobilized anti-IgG. The amount of labeled antigen bound is inversely proportional to the amount of unlabeled antigen (e.g., a cytokine) present in the sample (S7). 

The thermodynamic basis of the calculation of the maximum possible work potential or chemical exergy of reversible and irreversible chemical reactions is explained and discussed. Combustion is asserted to be fundamentally irreversible. It is a nonequilibrium uncontrollable chain reaction with hot branches, in a cool milieu, and a limited work output proportional to Carnot efficiency x calorific value (Barclay, 2002). 

Figure 1. Ionization potential (IP(N)) and electron affinity (EA(N)), both in eV, for clusters of Na atoms Nan plotted vs. N (roughly proportional to the reciprocal of the cluster radius). Also shown are bulk work function and limiting metal sphere values which the IP(N) and EA(N) curves must approach as N —> oo.

Work to Maximum Load. WML is the amount of work needed to actually fracture or fail a material, and it is the area under the stress-strain curve from zero to the ultimate strength of the material (Figure 6). Because WML is a measure of work both below and beyond the proportional limit it is derived by either graphical approximations or by means of calculus. 

Kick s law essentially states that the work required to obtain a given reduction ratio is the same irrespective of starting size. According to Rittinger s law work is proportional to surface created. Rittinger s and Kick s laws are only useful over a limited particle size range and are not utilized today. 

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