With radial flow

Figure 4-162. Example of natural diamond bit with radial flow hydraulic design [54], (Courtesy SPE.)...

FIGURE 11 Effect of baffles in position on flow pattern, (a) Typical swirling and vortexing flow in a tank without baffles, (b) Typical top-to-bottom flow pattern with radial flow impellers with four wall baffles, (c) Typical angular off-center position for axial flow impellers to give top-to-bottom flow pattern to avoid swirl without the use of wall baffles. 

After final cooling, the synthesis gas is compressed (7) and sent to the synthesis loop. The loop can operate at pressures between 70 to 100 bar. The converter design does impact the loop pressure, with radial-flow designs enabling low loop pressure even at the largest plant size. Low loop pressure reduces the total energy requirements for the process. 

Tops0e has now introduced a hot-wall converter with only one catalyst bed and no internal heat-exchange equipment, similar to Brown Root, but with radial flow. Three of these converters can be combined with an external heat exchanger and two... 

The flow model propounded by Bittins and Zehner [33] for a baffled tank equipped with radial-flow stirrers is based on the fluid-dynamic interaction between the stirrer and the stationary vessel wall as well as the fittings such as baffles, coils etc. In the case of the blade stirrer, the radial liquid discharge towards the vessel walls is produced by the centrifugal forces, which has increased to qb by the time it reaches the baffles as a result of the inclusion of surroimding liquid. There the tangential flow velocity, which has left the stirrer with a value of Ms2, is decelerated from M51 to Ms2. The flow is turned back and flows above and underneath the stirrer plane back to the stirrer, where it arrives with a value of Wjj. 

Figure 7 shows how the measured adsorption levels translate into distance of surfactant propagation in a homogeneous reservoir with radial flow from the injector. A 40-acre five-spot pattern was assumed in calculating the pore volume (PV), and other assumptions are listed in the figure. The calculation of radial distance is based on a simple material balance using the following equation ... 

Another type of reactor has one or more annular beds of catalyst with radial flow of gas either inward or outward [5], as shown in Figure 3.12b. This type may be preferred when the diameter of an axial-flow reactor would be much greater than the required bed depth. By putting the same amount of catalyst in a narrower but longer reactor, the wall thickness can be reduced and the reactor cost decreased. This is particularly important for high-pressure reactions, such as the synthesis of ammonia. 

FIGURE 21.29 Impinging plane geometries (a) planar with radial flow, (b) planar with circumferential flow, (c) tubular, and (d) annular. 

Planar with radial flow, in which streamlines diverge radially toward the impingement plane... 

In broths agitated with the HR the productivity of xanthan was similar to that with radial flow impellers, but their viscosity and rate of viscosity increase were... 

Centrifugal compressors are dynamic compressors and are essentially constant pressure, variable volume machines and must be regulated in almost all applications. Before control can be discussed, the operating characteristics must be understood. The discussion to follow will be concerned with radial-flow compressors. Axial-flow compressors have similar characteristics curves, although the change in pressure rise is much greater with equivalent changes in compressor rotational speed. 

Figure 3.1 Fixed-bed reactors. Schematic representation of several operating configurations and arrangements (a) Cylindrical with axial flow (a.l-single, a.2-multistage, a.3-multitubular) (b) cylindrical with radial flow (c) spherical reactor (c.l-axial and c2-radial flow).

Fleischmann, M. and Jansson, R.E.W. (1979) Dispersion in electrochemical cells with radial flow between parallel electrodes part I. A dispersive plug flow mathematical model. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 9,427. 

Profiles of the effectiveness factor for the conversion of n-octane in a 3-bed adiabatic catalytic reformer with radial flow. Sotelo-Boyas and Froment [2009]. 

Figure 4.12 Layout plan of a rotary pump with radial flow impeller from KSB.

Cronin et al. (1994) showed by a decolorization technique Ihe staged mixing associated with radial flow Rushton turbines, and Otomo et al. (1993) showed similar results with radial flow hollow-blade turbines. The latter also used conductivity probes and found mixing times about twice as long as with a single impeller, with values close to the predictions of the equation of Cooke et al. (1988). 

For all down-pumping PBT impellers, the RPD lines cross over and do not follow the orderly progression found with radial flow turbines. General sensitivity to the geometry of down-pumping two-phase hydrodynamics, particularly with respect to the transition between direct and indirect loading, has discouraged the construction of flow maps for these mrbines. 

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