With adaptive structures

Clark R.L. and C.R. Fuller, 1991 Control of Sound Radiation with Adaptive Structures. J. InteU. Mater. Syst. and Struct., 2, pp. 431-452... 

R. L. Qork and C R. Fuller, Comrol of sound radiation with adaptive structures. J. IntelL... 

The prior knowledge is assumed to be the discrete structure of the image, the statistical independence of the noise values, their stationarity and zero mean value. For this case, the image reconstruction problem can be represented as an adaptive stochastic estimation process [9] with the structure shown in Fig. 1. 

Figure 13.6 Schematic diagram of Go. from transducin with a bound GTP analog. The polypeptide chain is organized Into two domains a catalytic domain (light red) with a structure similar to Ras, and a helical domain (green) which is an Insert in the loop between al and P2. There are three switch regions (violet) that have different conformations in the different catalytic states of Go.. The GTP analog (brown) Is bound to the catalytic domain in a cleft between the two domains. (Adapted from J. Noel et al.. Nature 366 654-663, 1993.)...

Smart or adaptive structures are a class of advanced structures with integrated sensors, actuators, and controls which allow it to adaptively change or respond to external conditions (Figure 10.1). Examples are buildings, bridges, and roadways that can sensor, mitigate, and control damage, e.g., aircraft that can actively minimize a stmcture-bome noise in the interior. 

Figure 1. Phase diagrams of the systems M0-H20 (Adapted from ref. 1) and MO-DOPC-H20 (at 28 C, Adapted from ref. 2), respectively. G (gyroid) and D (diamond) are cubic phases with similar structures to the type shown schematically in the figure (Adapted from ref. 18).

The pores of the silica template can be filled by carbon from a gas or a liquid phase. One may consider an insertion of pyrolytic carbon from the thermal decomposition of propylene or by an aqueous solution of sucrose, which after elimination of water requires a carbonization step at 900°C. The carbon infiltration is followed by the dissolution of silica by HF. The main attribute of template carbons is their well sized pores defined by the wall thickness of the silica matrix. Application of such highly ordered materials allows an exact screening of pores adapted for efficient charging of the electrical double layer. The electrochemical performance of capacitor electrodes prepared from the various template carbons have been determined and are tentatively correlated with their structural and microtextural characteristics. 

Pfilzner, M., A. Mack, N. Brehm, A. Leonard, and I. Romaschov (1999). Implementation and validation of a PDF transport algorithm with adaptive number of particles in industrially relevant flows. In Computational Technologies for Fluid/Thermal/Structural/Chemical Systems with Industrial Applications, vol. 397-1, pp. 93-104. ASME. 

Figure 8. The structure of hydrated Na and CP ions at the water/Pt(IOO) interface (dotted lines) compared with the structure in bulk water (solid lines). In the two top panels are the oxygen ion radial distribution functions, and in the two bottom panels are the probability distribution functions for the angle between the water dipole and the oxygen-ion vector for water molecules in the first hydration shell. (Data adapted from Ref. 100.)...

Polarization transfer pathways for spectra (c) and (d) are depicted on a partial structure of 1 shown in the inset. Solid and dotted lines represent TOCSY and NOESY transfers, respectively. (Reprinted with adaptation with permission from ref. [39]. Copyright 1994 Academic... 

In addition to this known aspect of metabolism, there is another one, albeit less frequent, that refers to the interaction of novel compounds. This is important, as it gives die possibility of permanent changes, and is associated with adaptation and evolution. In odier words, one should consider two aspects of metabolism/cognition the normal homeostatic metabolism, which corresponds to die normal life and self-maintenance of the cell from within and a metabolism of novel elements diat may operate changes in die structure. 

The design of smart materials and adaptive structures has required the development of constitutive equations that describe the temperature, stress, strain, and percentage of martensite volume transformation of a shape-memory alloy. These equations can be integrated with similar constitutive equations for composite materials to make possible the quantitative design of structures having embedded sensors and actuators for vibration control. The constitutive equations for one-dimensional systems as well as a three-dimensional representation have been developed (7). 

The design of shape-memory devices is quite different from that of conventional alloys. These materials are nonlinear, have properties that are very temperature-dependent, including an elastic modulus that not only increases with increasing temperature, but can change by a laige factor over a small temperature span. This difficulty in design has been addressed as a result of the demands made in the design of complicated smart and adaptive structures. Informative references on all aspects of SMAs are available (7—9). 

The solution method, which uses a combination of a damped Newton method and time marching, is essentially the same as that introduced in Section 15.5 [159]. The differences have to do with the structure of the Jacobian matrix and the need for mesh adaptation. 

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