Wide crystallinity, evaluation

DMA can be applied to a wide range of materials using the different sample fixture configurations and deformation modes (Table 23.1) [10,11]. This procedure can be used to evaluate by comparison to known materials (a) degree of phase separation in multicomponent systems (b) amount type, and dispersion of filler (c) degree of polymer crystallinity, (d) effects of certain pretreatment and (e) stiffness of polymer composites [8,11]. 

This work has shown that wide-angle X-ray scattering is a sensitive tool for evaluating the structure of non-crystalline polymers. The structure determination is only successfully approached by considering first the persistent conformation and then the packing which must to some extent be a consequence of such conformations. The method does not need to place any reliance on the semi-empirical conformational energy calculations. 

A wide variety of materials have been implemented as abrasive particles in CMP processes. They include alumina, silica, ceria, zirconia, titania, and diamond. The effectiveness and suitability of these particles in CMP with particular applications are greatly influenced by their bulk properties (density, hardness, particle size, crystallinity etc.) and the surface properties (surface area, isoelectric electric point (lEP), OH content, etc.). This section will focus on the evaluation of alumina, silica, diamond, and ceria as the major abrasives used for the CMP of metals. 

Therefore, in order to control the quality of pharmaceutical solid dosage products, techniques for the evaluation of crystallinity of the bulk powders and/or excipients are needed. XRD, DSC, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and microcalorimetry are currently the most widely used methods to evaluate crystallinity. 

The crystallinities of cellulose are obtained from X-ray diffraction techniques, which give the most direct results, although their interpretation and evaluation is still under discussion and widely based on convenience. On the basis of the two-phase fringed-micellar structure, Hermans and Weidinger derived a theory on the proportionality of the intensity or amplitude of scattering from the amorphous and... 

Swelling experiments and stress-strain measurements are widely used to estimate the crosslinking density in liquid-crystalline networks [101,106-108], For ideal rubbers with tetrafunctional crosslinks, these techniques allow the evaluation of the number average molecular weight between crosslinks [104, 105]. 

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