Wheat, biomass yield

A report on the continuous flash pyrolysis of biomass at atmospheric pressure to produce Hquids iadicates that pyrolysis temperatures must be optimized to maximize Hquid yields (36). It has been found that a sharp maximum ia the Hquid yields vs temperature curves exist and that the yields drop off sharply on both sides of this maximum. Pure ceUulose has been found to have an optimum temperature for Hquids at 500°C, while the wheat straw and wood species tested have optimum temperatures at 600°C and 500°C, respectively. Organic Hquid yields were of the order of 65 wt % of the dry biomass fed, but contained relatively large quantities of organic acids. 

Copper exhibits rhizotoxicity in wheat seedlings [17]. Copper and chromium retard shoot and root growth of barley [18]. The yield of wheat is decreased when soil is contaminated with cadmium oxide or zinc oxide [19]. Copper and nickel smelter-polluted soil retards biomass growth of pine trees and reduces the essential calcium, potassium, and magnesium contents of sapUngs [20]. Cadmium in the soil reduces ryegrass growth with crop yields inversely proportional to cadmium content [21]. 

---