What Are Amines

How and in what regions of the brain does morphine act In 1979, scientists discovered that there are specific receptor sites for morphine and other opiates and that these sites are clustered in the brain s limbic system, the area involved in emotion and the perception of pain. Scientists then asked, Why does the human brain have receptor sites specific for morphine Could it be that the brain produces its own opiates In 1974, scientists discovered that opiate-like compounds are indeed present in the brain in 1975, they isolated a brain opiate that was named enkephalin, meaning in the brain. Unlike morphine and its derivatives, enkephalin possesses an entirely different 

Identify the functional groups in morphine and meperidine. Classify the amino group in these opiates according to type (that is, primary, secondary, tertiary, heterocyclic, aliphatic, or aromatic). 

Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Trimethylamine (a 1° amine) (a 2° amine) (a 3° amine) 

Amines are further divided into aliphatic amines and aromatic amines. In an aliphatic amine, all the carbons bonded directly to nitrogen are derived from alkyl groups in an aromatic amine, one or more of the groups bonded directly to nitrogen are aryl groups  

Aliphatic amine An amine in which nitrogen is bonded only to alkyl groups. Aromatic amine An amine 

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What are the major products you would expect from Hofmann elimination of the following amines ... 

Phenacetin, a substance formerly used in over-the-counter headache remedies, has the formula CloH1 N02. Phenacetin is neutral and does not dissolve in either acid or base. When warmed with aqueous NaOH, phenacetin yields an amine, CgHjjNO, whose lH NMR spectrum is shown. When heated with HI, the amine is cleaved to an aminophenol, C5IT7NO. What is the structure of phenacetin, and what are the structures of the amine and die aminophenol ... 

Butadiene and isoprene give rise to mixtures of what are usually called telom-ers, namely 1 1 telomers between the amine and the 1,3-diene (trae hydroamination products), 1 2 telomers and even higher homologs together with oligomers of the diene as exemplified in Eq. (4.41). 

Several amino acids are broken down by de-carbo qflation. This reaction gives rise to what are known as biogenic amines, which have various functions. Some of them are components of biomolecules, such as ethanolamine in phospholipids (see p. 50). Cysteamine and T-alanine are components of coenzyme A (see p.l2) and of pantetheine (see pp. 108, 168). Other amines function as signaling substances. An important neurotransmitter derived from glutamate is y-aminobutyrate (GABA, see p.356). The transmitter dopamine is also a precursor for the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine (see p.352). The biogenic amine serotonin, a substance that has many effects, is synthesized from tryptophan via the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan. 

Now the influence of water or ammonia on copper catalysts is being investigated. Previously A. BAIKER and coll, have shown that ammonia could modify the catalytic properties of copper catalysts used in the amination of alcohols (9). These authors noticed the formation of copper nitride after NH3 exposure at a temperature of about 300°C which is the reaction temperature of our study. The first results that we obtained in our study showed that both H2O and NH3 decrease significantly the copper dispersion in unpromoted catalysts and that this modification is less significant when Ca or Mn are added to the Cu-Cr catalyst. We are now studying what are the superfical modifications consecutive to the addition of promoters or/and water and ammonia. 

What are fatty amines From which raw materials that occur in nature are they commonly synthesized ... 

What are the alternatives There are two main ones, and both involve functional group interconversion, with the reactive amine being converted to a less reactive derivative before disconnection. The first solution is to convert the amine to an amide and then disconnect that. The reduction of amide to amine is quite reliable, so the FGI is a reasonable one. 

How would you make the starting material for these reactions Treatment of the anhydride with butanol gives an ester that gives two inseparable compounds on heating. On treatment with an amine, an easily separable mixture of an acidic and a neutral compound is formed. What are the components of the first mixture and how are they formed ... 

Treatment of this amine with base at low temperature gives an unstable anion that isomerizes to another anion above — 35 °C. Aqueous work-up gives a bicyclic amine. What are the two anions Explain the stereochemistry of the product. Revision of NMR. In the NMR spectrum of the product the two green hydrogens appear as an ABX system with /Ab 15.4 Hz. Comment. 

What are the similarities and differences in the behavior of a-acetamido-cinamic acid and allyl amine as ligands in asymmetric hydrogenation and isomerization reactions, respectively ... 

What are the differences and similarities between an amine and ammonia ... 

The two isomers of this amine show the following resonances in their 1H NMR spectra. What are the isomers Assign and explain their spectra. 

Reaction of this amine with 13C-formaldehyde (13CH20) and sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) in aqueous solution gave a solution with two signals in the 13C spectrum 8 41 q, 441. When the cyanoborohydride was replaced by NaCN, only the 44 ppm signal was seen. What are the products and how are they formed ... 

What are the standard conditions for the removal of a Boc protecting group from an amine Are these conditions compatible with the deprotection of compound 10 ... 

Imido compounds have been made by interaction of amines with Grignard or dimagnesium compounds. The reaction with Grignards gives what are termed magnesylamines. ... 

Certain benzophenone-2-carboxamides exist as the cyclic structures 113, and Hofmann degradation of these compounds does not form the amines, but rather what are probably anthranils (114).237... 

What are the properties of the heterocyclic systems or amines to be employed Do they contain groups sensitive to heat or reactive groups such as alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyls that have to be protected ... 

Problem 21.24 What 1 amine and carbonyl compound are needed to prepare each imine ... 

A chiral amine A having the Ft configuration undergoes Hofmann elimination to form an alkene B as the major product. B is oxidatively cleaved with ozone, followed by CH3SCH3, to form CH2=O and CH3CH2CH2CHO. What are the structures of A and B ... 

More recently, however, results with monooelfins indicate that trans addition can occur to both Pd(II) and Pt(II) n complexes. The first demonstration was the trans addition of amines to Pt(II) complexes 215), and more recently the trans attack of acetate on cyclohexene has been demonstrated (Section III, A, 2, a). However, cis attack can also occur such as the addition of phenylpalladium to cyclohexene (Section III, A, 4) or addition of PdCOOR to cyclic olefins (Section III, A, 3). Also, in the exchange studies (Section III, B, 1) the stereochemistry indicates that some nucleophiles can attack cis or trans. Thus chloride ion containing acetic acid can attack the Pd(II) olefin n complex from either inside or outside the coordination sphere. What are the factors involved The most important appears to be the ability of the nucleophile to coordinate to Pd(II). Thus, phenyl is covalently bonded to Pd(II) and is therefore always in the coordination sphere. Chloride is both inside the coordination sphere as well as outside the coordination sphere and can thus attack both cis and trans. Acetate is not complexed to Pd(II) in chloride-containing media, and thus can only attack trans. On the other hand, in chloride-free acetic acid, acetate is both inside and outside the coordination. Stereochemical results indicate that in this system acetate can attack in both a cis and trans fashion. 

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