Wetness sensation

Effective temperature (ET ) is a single number representing those combinations of temperature and humidity which are equivalent in terms of comfort. It is defined as the dry-bulb temperature of the environment at 50% relative humidity. Standard effective temperature loci for normally clothed, sedentary persons are plotted on Eigure 3. The sensation of comfort depends in part upon the wetness of one s skin. Thus, as a person becomes more active the effective temperature lines become more hori2ontal and the influence of relative humidity is more pronounced. 

Once the desired frost is achieved, the skin can be rinsed off with water, or cooled down with cool wet compresses which are applied to the skin. The wet compresses can provide a welcome relief to the burning induced by the peel. Unlike glycolic peels the water does not neutralize the peel, as the frosting indicates the end-point of the reaction rather, it dilutes any excess TCA. The compresses can be repeated several times until the burning sensation has subsided. Subsequently, a layer of ointment such as plain petrolatum or Aquaphor is applied and post-peel instructions and what to expect are reviewed with the patient prior to discharge to home. 

Welgaod and Mershon22 tested 39 subjects for skin reactions to CR, using 1-cm2 patches soaked with CR-propylene glycol solutions. Each patch was wetted with 0.1 ml of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0X CR, Ezposure times were 5 and 30 min, and tests were made at 18.3 and 25.6°C. The concentration of CR did not affect the time of onset of sensation higher temperature decreased onset times. Subjects differed widely, both In time of onset and termination of Irritation and In reported Intensity of sensation. Intensity was not related to concentration of CR, ezposure time, or temperature. The degree of erythema was variable, but It disappeared In 2-4 h. All CR concentrations were judged to be relatively harmless. 

In a clinical study on cracked, chapped hands, which often occur in winter time and as a result of wet-work, the effect from a 10% urea cream (Calmurid ) was not superior to that of aqueous cream BP.10 Two preparations containing 10% urea were found to be helpful therapeutic agents in a doubleblind, bilateral study.31 Both investigators and patients expressed preference for the cream containing multisterols, phospholipids, and fatty diols (pH of about six) to the other cream (Calmuril ) containing betaine and lactic acid (pH about three). Some patients noted burning sensations after treatment with the latter cream (Calmuril ). 

The device is generally comfortable and well accepted by many patients, but its use does have certain disadvantages. Some patients have problems with discomfort (foreign body sensation) or expulsion of the Lacrisert.The insert can be wetted with saline before insertion to improve comfort, but this can make even more difficult the insert s placement into the lower cul-de-sac, which requires a moderate amount of dexterity. Supplementation with artificial tears after insertion may improve comfort. The most common patient complaint is blurred vision associated with the intense release of polymer during the first 4 to 6 hours after instillation, from a thickened tear film.Adding such fluid as drops of NaCl 0.9% or artificial tear solution can reduce the tear film viscosity and minimize the visual complaints. As the insert dissolves it releases debris that can blur vision and cause irritation. Most patients with mild signs and symptoms of dry eye do not experience improvement with use of the insert, as compared with the use of conventional tear solutions. Because some tear secretion is necessary to dissolve the Lacrisert, KCS patients with low basal tear secretion may not benefit from or tolerate its use. 

In wet beriberi there is an accumulation of fluid throughout the body and a rapid heart rate that can lead to sudden death. In dry beriberi there is no fluid swelling, but there is a loss of sensation and a weakness in the legs. The patient first needs to walk with the aid of a stick and then becomes bedridden and easy prey to an infectious disease. 

Sorbitol is used as a diluent in tablet formulations prepared by either wet granulation or direct compression. It is particularly useful in chewable tablets owing to its pleasant, sweet taste and cooling sensation. In capsule formulations it is used as a plasticizer for gelatin. Sorbitol has been used as a plasticizer in film formulations. ... 

This observation is generally explained by noting that the major transfer mechanism from wet skin to underwear is one of distillation. An initial observation noting the surprisingly strong discomfort sensations associated with small amounts of water in the skin-clothing interface [3],... 

Typically, several minutes after an acute exposure to a low concentration of CS, a prickly feeling or burning is felt in exposed areas of skin. This sensation is more noticeable if the skin is wet or freshly abraded (eg, after shaving). The sensation may be accompanied or followed by erythema, which usually persists for an hour or less. Under certain circumstances—involving the amount of CS, the temperature, and the humidity—a more intense erythema may follow about 2 hours later. If the amount of CS, the temperature, and the humidity are all high, the erythema becomes even more severe, and edema and vesication appear hours later. The time course is the same as that for the skin damage after exposure to mustard. 

Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) is a very popular food in the Asiatic countries (Suetsima et al., 2004). Wakame has a fiber content similar to rice (3.4% wet weight) and proportionate the same beneficial sensation of satiety and aid digestive transit through their bulking capacity without the starchy carbohydrate (Mac Artain et al, 2007). Besides, wakame has antihypertensive effect through inhibition of angiotensin I-converting... 

Humans have no specific sensors for wetness. Instead, we estimate the sensation of wetness based on four cues (Bergmann Tiest et al., 2012a,b) (Table 7.2) ... 

Guest S, Essick G, Patel A, Prajapati R and McGlone F. (2007) Labeled magnitude scales for oral sensations of wetness, dryness, pleasantness and unpleasantness. Food Qual Prefer, 18 342-352. 

Heat rashes are the most common problem in hot work environments. Prickly heat manifests as red papules and usually appears in areas where the clothing is restrictive. As sweating increases, these papules give rise to a prickling sensation. Prickly heat occurs on skin that is persistently wetted by unevaporated sweat and heat rash papules may become infected if they are not treated. In most cases, heat rashes will disappear when the affected individual returns to a cool environment. 

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