Wedge coatings

Fig.7.16. Short dye laser cavity with grazing incidence grating. Wavelength tuning is accomplished by turning the end mirror. The resonant reflector, composed of two wedges coated on their inner surfaces, acts as Fabry-Perot interferometer [7.36]...

Filter aids are widely used in die fermentation industry to improve the efficiency of filtration. It is a pre-coated filter medium to prevent blockage or blinding of the filter by solids, which would otherwise wedge diemselves into the pores of the cloth. Filter aid can be added to the fermentation broth to increase the porosity of the cake as it formed. This is only recommended when fermentation product is extracellular. Filter aid adds to the cost of filtration. The minimum quantity needed to achieve the desired result must be established experimentally. Fermentation broths can be pretreated to improve filtration characteristics. Heating to denature proteins enhances the filterability of mycelial broths such as in penicillin production. Alternatively, electrolytes may be added to promote coagulation of colloids into larger, denser particles, which are easier to filter. The filtration process is affected by the viscosity and composition of the broth, and the cell cake.5... 

The top and the bottom x-ray detector each contain a multiplier phototube coated with phosphor. This tube compares the intensity of the x-ray beam entering the detector with that of the light from the reference standard, a discharge lamp. The reference beam is part of a circuit that maintains the x-ray source at constant intensity. The deviation wedge comes to rest when the intensities of the transmitted x-ray beams stand in a predetermined ratio. At this point, the unbalance in the servo system has been compensated, and the position of the deviation wedge consequently indicates the thickness of the strip. In 1955, this application was made fully automatic that is, the unbalance (or error signal) just mentioned was used to readjust tandem cold reduction mills of the United States Steel Corporation. Automatic control proved significantly more effective than manual control. 

Olivas GI, Rodriguez JJ and Barbosa-Canovas GV. 2003. Edible coatings composed of methylcellulose, stearic acid, and additives to preserve quality of pear wedges. J Food Proc Preserv 27(4) 299—320. 

Optics Issues relative to hygroscopic optics and the need to pay attention to mirror mounts relative to vibration and/or thermal effects have already been addressed. Zinc selenide is an important alternative material, especially when antireflection (AR) coated. If potassium bromide absolutely has to be used for its lower transmission range (down to 400 cm ) then a protective coating such as Parylene must be used. Most process analyzers use protective windows between the spectrometer and the sample interface. If used, back reflections from the window surfaces into the interferometer must be avoided because these will cause photometric errors. Such reflection can be eliminated by wedging or tilting the optical windows, relative to the beam path. 

Fig. 1. Schematic of experimental setup. %J2 - 800 nm wave-plate SP 2-mm sapphire plate PI, 2 45° quartz prisms P3 69° quartz prism, the distance from P3 to the NOPA crystal is 80 cm CM1, 2 ultrabroadband chirped mirrors GR 300 lines/mm ruled diffraction grating (Jobin Yvon) SM spherical mirror, R=-400 mm BS1, 2 chromium-coated d=0.5 mm quartz beam splitters. SHG crystal 0.4-mm 0=29° BBO (EKSMA) NOPA crystal 1-mm 0=31.5° BBO (Casix) SHG FROG crystal 0=29° BBO wedge plate d=5- -20 pm (EKSMA). Spherical mirrors around NOPA crystal are R=-200 mm Thick arrows on the left indicate the data flow from the pulse diagnostic setup (SHG FROG) and the feedback to the flexible mirror.

This coupled electrorotation mixer was actually not built as a complete device, but realized as a prototype version with simple microstructures, which were made by sputtering on to glass cover slips [95], By photolithography a small gap was etched in the middle of the coated slip to separate it into two equal halves. The latter are used as two electrodes of equal size. A wedge, freshly cut from the comer of a raw material piece, is placed on the gap as a kind of fixed microstructure to perform as the static dipole object so that an adjacent microsphere can be set into rotation. 

Ip is degassed and then distilled into a previously evacuated 23 cm long quartz cell with wedged (1.5°) anti-reflection coated windows epoxied on the ends. The cell is mounted in the laser cavity on X-Y-Z translation stages, and the I2 is frozen into the sidearm by dipping it in+a cold bath. The dye lasing threshold is measured, and the Ar laser is then set to the desired power. For one set of experiments, threshold pump power is near ( 11%) 550 mW, while for a second set the threshold is near 790 mW. 

Schliiter et alJ65,66 have recently used rod-shaped polymers1673 such as poly(p-phe-nylene)s and poly([l.l.l]propellane)s as cores for the attachment of convergently generated dendrons. These new branched macromolecules possess a rigid backbone wrapped with structural wedges, which become increasingly more dense toward the outer cylindrical surface. The Pd-catalyzed copolymerization of dibromobiphenyl derivatives with the Frechet-type ethereal dendrons with a substituted aryl diboronic acid afforded the dendritic coated poly(p-phenylene) rod. 

Stationary phases are divided into the same two groups as the techniques in this chapter paper and thin layers. The paper can be used unsupported, but the thin layers need to be coated on carriers such as glass, aluminum, or plastic. A variety of shapes can be used for the bed in addition to the conventional rectangular shape. Some are circles, wedges, cylinders, rods, and even drums. Thin layers are more flexible and more popular, so they are treated in more detail. 

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