Wealth transfer effect

The effect of share buybacks on bondholder value cannot be answered unequivocally. Although there is a risk of wealth transfer from creditors to shareholders, an increased stock price can for example avoid a takeover of the company. Empirical studies come to contradictory results. 

The possible role of oxygen atom transfer in molybdenum enzyme catalysis was recognized in the early 1970s (190-194). In the ensuing years, a wealth of chemistry has established molybdenum as the premier exponent of such reactions (7, 195). Importantly, related dioxo-Mo(VI) and oxo-Mo(IV) complexes are interconverted by oxygen atom transfer reactions (Eq. (13)). These reactions are effected by reductants (X) such as tertiary alkyl and aryl compounds of the group 15 elements (especially phosphines) and oxidants (XO) such as S- and N-oxides. In many cases, however, the Mo(VI) and Mo(IV) compounds participate in a comproportionation reaction yielding dinuclear Mo(V) complexes (Eq. (15)). 

Figure 1.1 A schematic diagram of the unified plasmon/fluorophore description. Fluorophores induce surface plasmons in metals and energy is effectively transferred in a non-radiative fashion. This interaction of excited states with surface plasmons leads to a wealth of new fluorescence, chemiluminescence and phosphorescence phenomena and technologies we describe as a Unified Description.

This means that potential models for water and solute-water interactions will be discussed. This choice, however, is much less restrictive than it might appear. In fact, due to its nature, water and aqueous solutions perfectly serve to illustrate far more general issues in the development of realistic potentials also beyond that sufficient to simple systems, e.g. the treatment of many-body effects and phase, or thermodynamic state, transferability. Moreover, water being water, the model proposed can be readily tested against a wealth of accurate experimental data, probably the largest collection for a single molecular liquid. 

Mass transfer in combination with even quite "normal" reaction kinetics can produce a wealth of phenomena including multiple steady states, instabilities, and oscillations. An example is the behavior of nonisothermal catalyst particles outlined in Section 9.5.2. Such phenomena are covered in detail in standard texts on reaction engineering, to which the reader is referred. The examination in this section will remain restricted to effects produced by vagaries of multistep or multiple simultaneous reactions. 

Force-field calculations could be simple energy minimization or advanced monte-carlo and molecular dynamics calculations. The major assumption here is the transferability of force-field parameters among the related materials. These calculations can provide wealth of information such as the relative ordering of adsorption sites on surface, diffusion mechanism of molecules particularly inside zeolites, energy barrier for difihision, diffusion coefficients, heats of adsorption and more importantly, the effect of temperature on all these properties. 

For an excellent critique of the notion that records of manumission or interracial transfers of wealth constitute evidence of romantic ruptures in the racist fabric of southern enslavement, see Davis (1999). She demonstrates that, far from effecting the sort of subversion romantically projected onto them today, such exceptional cases, as they actually unfolded, were fully consonant with the sexual economy of the antebellum south (268). More to the point, she cautions that relying on records [as do Stephens and Kennedy] to attribute affection may yield distorted histories as the legal records and many of the other formal documents were recorded by the slaveholding class (230). 

The Study of time-dependent processes adds a new dimension to NMR. It can reveal the courses and rates of chemical reactions, both directly and via the effect of such reactions on line shape. More subtly, it can yield a wealth of detail concerning the rates of energy transfer between spin quantum states, and also of processional dephasing within one state. 

---