Wax moth

Bacillus thuringiensis ai wa diamond back larvae, wax moth... 

Hepburn, H. R., Chandler, H. D., and Davidoff, M. R. (1979). Extensometric properties of insect fibroins The green lacewing cross-/ , honeybee a-helical and greater wax-moth parallel-/ conformations. Insect Biochem. 9, 69-77. 

Currently, other minor applications include treatment of felled logs for bark beetles, termite control, control of wax moths in beehives, spot treatment of milling machinery, Japanese beetle control in ornamental plants, and as a chemical intermediate for dyes, resins, waxes, and gums (HSDB 1989). 

Spangler, H. G., Greenfield, M. D. and Takessian, A. (1984). Ultrasonic mate calling in the lesser wax moth. Physiological Entomology 9 87-95. 

W. S. Pierpoint (1957c). Polyphosphates excreted by wax-moth larvae (Galleria mellonella and Achroea grisella (Fabr.). Biochem. J., 67, 624-627. 

The crystal is only one of the toxins produced by these bacteria. In 1953 Toumanoff (28) reported on a study of the genus Bacillus and their phospholipase C activity. In 1954 he found (29) that the precipitate of this enzyme from broth filtrates caused death when injected or fed to larvae of the greater wax moth [Galleria mellonella (L.)] In 1955 Heimpel (13) showed that strains of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis... 

Finally, in 1959, McConnell and Richards (22) reported on a water-soluble, dialyzable, heat-stable substance produced in growing cultures of B. thuringiensis and a culture of B. cereus. They found that the toxin was not effective against the greater wax moth per os, but was toxic when injected. 

Martouret 23) reports that this toxic material kills greater wax moth larvae 5 to IS days after injection. If injected in low dosage, it retards or interferes with pupation and emergence of adults. 

In 1971 Loew and Johnson synthesized both the natural (+)-JH I and its opposite enantiomer (—)-JH I.21 Their bioassay showed that (+)-JH I was about 9 times more active than (—)-JH I on the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. On Tenebrio molitor, (-l-)-JH I was 6-8 times more active than (—)-JH I. Their synthetic (-)-JH I, however, was not enantiomerically pure, and might have contained up to 10% of (+)-JH I, which could account for most, or even all, of the observed bioactivity. Loew and Johnson therefore stated that further work must be done before a quantitative conclusion could be reached regarding the bioactivity of (-)-JH I.21... 

Spangler, H.G. 1985. Detecting the lesser wax moth acoustically. Gleanings Bee Cult. 113, 207-209, 218. 

Primycin. Macrolide antibiotic complex of more than 20 components produced by actmomyeetes found in the intestinal tract of the wax moth (Galeria melonella). Nine primary components, in 3 major groups designated A, 8 and C, represent 90% of the total material. Originally... 

In the search for the paper factor, extracts from several gymnosperms were assayed on P. apterus fifth instars (Table 1) [83, 84, 85]. Extracts of wood and bark of a number of these conifers were also injected into pupae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella a localized scaleless patch was observed in the pupal cuticle at the site of injection with these extracts. However, no abnormal effects on development were observed [86]. The authors speculated that this absence of activity may be attributable to the dilute concentration of active ingredients in the extracts. 

In vitro inhibition of JH biosynthesis in insect species which are insensitive to precocenes in vivo has also been demonstrated [151]. It is believed that the difference in susceptibility of different insect species to precocenes may, in part, be related to their metabolism by the insect. The metabolism of precocene II to the diol was demonstrated in nine insect species [147] and, presumably, occurs by mixed function oxidases present in the gut and fat body. The wax moth, G. mellonella, metabolized 77% of this compound as compared to 47% by O. fasciatus in the same time period. This difference in metabolic rate may account, at least partially, for differences in the sensitivity of these insect species. 

It was not until 1925 that Keilin confirmed MacMunn s spectroscopic studies and named the new class of compounds cytochromes , which means cellular pigments. In an elegant series of experiments, he found that the four-banded spectrum rapidly appeared in the flight muscles of a live wax moth during muscular activity, and then disappeared when the moth rested. Keilin s experiments were the first to establish a direct correlation between the chemical state of a cellular component and the physiological state of the organism. Keilin identified the absorption bands at 604 nm, 566 nm, and 550 nm as the a-bands of three different cytochromes, a, b, and c, respectively. The broadband at 520 nm is due to overlapping /3-bands of the three cytochromes. A more detailed account of the discovery of cytochromes can be found in Keilin. ... 

Undecanal is a sex attractant for the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). Show how to synthesize this compound efficiently from... 

Galleria melloneUa (wax moth) larval stage trehalose 5.5 130 yM 131... 

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