Water treatment references

Filtration (water treatment) Refers to the physical separation of particles, colloids, or other contaminants from water by passing the liquid through permeable or semipermeable materials (compare with microfiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration). 

PHYSICAL WATER TREATMENT - Refers to the treatment of removing dissolved gases from the boiler feedwater, using steam. 

Uses. The principal use of monosodium phosphate is as a water-soluble soHd acid and pH buffer, primarily in acid-type cleaners. The double salt, NaH2P04 H PO, referred to as hemisodium orthophosphate or sodium hemiphosphate, is often generated in situ from monosodium phosphate and phosphoric acid in these types of formulations. Mixtures of mono- and disodium phosphates are used in textile processing, food manufacture, and other industries to control pH at 4—9. Monosodium phosphate is also used in boiler-water treatment, as a precipitant for polyvalent metal ions, and as an animal-feed supplement. 

Many suppliers now offer water treatment for use in refrigeration condenser circuits, and the merits of different methods need to be assessed before making a choice. The reader is referred to specialist works on the subject [10, 19, 21]. 

NOTE The British Standards Institution provided only a cursory mention of tannins in BS 2486 1978 (Treatment of Water for Land Boilers), but the 1997 revision (Treatment of Water for Steam Boilers and Water Heaters) refers quite extensively to tannins and their usefulness. 

The ASME Consensus was first published in 1979 and has been a standard reference ever since for boiler water treatment practice in the United States and its sphere of influence. The ASME Consensus 1994 update reflected the need to cover technical advances in boiler design and water conditioning, and also new and different types of steam generator, steam purity issues, and similar matters. 

Chettle, Brent W. (West Inc.). Water Treatment Mathematics Workshop Reference Manual. Regional Training Seminar Handbook. Association of Water Technologies, USA, 1999. 

From the 323 projects in U.S. EPA s MTBE Treatment Profiles dataset, 85 projects were identified where MTBE in groundwater was remediated using pump-and-treat along with 15 additional projects that treated MTBE in drinking water (collectively referred to as pump-and-treat projects). Information on the treatment of other oxygenates was reported for 20 of these 100 projects 16 projects reported TBA, 6 projects reported TAME, 2 projects reported ethanol, and 1 project reported DIPE as a contaminant in addition to MTBE. 

The mobility of arsenic compounds in soils is affected by sorp-tion/desorption on/from soil components or co-precipitation with metal ions. The importance of oxides (mainly Fe-oxides) in controlling the mobility and concentration of arsenic in natural environments has been studied for a long time (Livesey and Huang 1981 Frankenberger 2002 and references there in Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002). Because the elements which correlate best with arsenic in soils and sediments are iron, aluminum and manganese, the use of Fe salts (as well as Al and Mn salts) is a common practice in water treatment for the removal of arsenic. The coprecipitation of arsenic with ferric or aluminum hydroxide has been a practical and effective technique to remove this toxic element from polluted waters... 

Hydrophilic Refers to a substance or chemical that has a high affinity for moisture or water. Hydrophobic Refers to a substance or chemical that is poorly soluble in water water repellant. A hydrophobic agent is a chemical having the ability to resist wetting by water. It can be used in the treatment of synthetic sorbents to decrease the amount of water absorbed, hence increasing the volume of oil they can absorb before becoming saturated. 

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