Water outside solar system

For desorption the vapor desorbed from the silica gel has to be condensed. For this reason a low temperature heat sink is required. The hydraulics of the plant provides two heat sinks a 10 m3 rain water cistern and the thermal solar plant. With these heat sinks two desorption modes could be carried out a desorption with simultaneous condensation of the vapor an a second mode in which the desorption and condensation were not done simultaneously. If desorption and condensation of the vapour occur at the same time, then the condensation heat is rejected via the rain water cistern. The condensation heat can also be removed by the solar plant when the desorption and condensation operation are discontinuous. In this case the solar plant heats up the adsorber during daytime but no condensation is done. The condensation take place through the solar system during the night given correspondingly low outside temperatures. 

Ices formed as mantles on silicate grains in interstellar space, trapping noble gases and providing sites for the synthesis of organic compounds. As the solar system formed, these ices were vaporized, particularly in the warmer regions near the Sun. Water ice recondensed outside the snowline and combined with rocky material and surviving interstellar material to form planetesimals. 

Jupiter and Uranus are outer planets composed mainly of gases. Jupiter s atmosphere contains reddish-brown clouds of ammonia. Uranus has an atmosphere made up mainly of hydrogen and helium with clouds of water vapor. This combination looks greenish to an outside observer. In addition, Mars has an atmosphere that is 95% carbon dioxide, and Venus has a permanent cloud cover of sulfur dioxide that appears pale yellow to an observer. Mercury has no permanent atmosphere. Saturn has 1 km thick dust and ice rings that orbit the planet. The eight planets in our solar system are diverse, each having different chemical compositions within and surrounding the planets. Out Earth is by far the friendliest planet for human existence. 

The discovery of evidence of liquid water-ammonia eutectics on Titan provides a context for the potential for polar fluids outside what is normally regarded as the habitable zone. The stay of the Cassini-Huygens mission on the surface of Titan was brief, but this moon of Saturn is the locale that is most likely to support exotic life. The committee believes that it is important to consider whether the planned missions to the solar system should be reordered to permit returning to Titan earlier than now scheduled. 

FIG. 4.4 The surface conditions of different places in the solar system plotted on a phase diagram of temperature versus pressure. Note how the Earth sits in the liquid water region and Titan sits in the liquid methane region, but other places fall outside these regions and do not maintain surface oceans. 

Both reactions occur in star forming regions. These reaction take place in star and planet forming gas irradiated by far UV or X-rays. The forth form of water has been detected outside the solar system by the satellite mission Herschel Space Observatory with the HIFI instrument (a high resolution spectrometer for the far IR).6 For example Bonev et al., 2002 [37] measured H2O+ in the plasma tails of comets at a wavelength of 615.886 nm. Further earlier observations of H2O+ in other comets (e.g. Halley s comet) are given in that paper. 

The detection of water molecules outside the solar system became an interesting task for radio astronomy since in 1963 the Hydroxyl, OH was detected. This OH can be formed through a photolysis of water. 

In Figure 13.8 the construction of a solar dryer with water storage is shown [19]. The dryer is an indirect system. Pump 2 circulates the working medium of the collectors 1 along a pipe 3 and warms the fluid in a storage tank 4. The dryer uses outside air... 

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