Water main rehabilitation

Williams, S. M., Ainsworth, R. G., and Elvidge, A. F., A method of assessing the corrosivity of water towards iron , Source document 3, Water Mains Rehabilitation Manual, Water Research Centre/Water Authorities Association (1986)... 

There are three basic issues in lead pipe rehabilitation (i) lead pipe lateral rehabilitation on the public portion of the water supply system that runs from the water main to the water meter or stop-cock (curb-stop) (ii) lead pipes on the private portion of the water supply line from the meter or stop-cock to the house and (iii) lead pipe-work within the house. Whilst the only 100% control method will be the removal or all lead pipes, there are substantially less expensive alternatives available consisting of chemical treatment and internal cathodic protection. Total lead pipe removal also has the problem of split ownership and responsibility, disturbance, and destruction of land-scaping (external) and decoration (internal). 

M28, Rehabilitation cf Water Mains, 30028 M29, Fundamentals of Water Utility Capital Financing, 30029... 

This article addresses the above listed problems and related issues, offers recommendations for their rational solution. Namely, it has been defined that the main priorities of transit countries in the South Caucasus region in a foreseeable future are diversification of imported fuel supply, enhanced use of local energy sources, improved self-sufficiency by rehabilitation/renovation of existing electricity and gas supply chains, and the planning of strategic reserves combining water, liquid fuel and gas. 

By now the CMB has been transferred under Rosatom s jurisdiction for preparative-for-rehabilitation works and is actually known imder the name of Branch 2 of Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) SevRAO . The former CMB comprises 32 process buildings and constructions, 20 of them being within the technical area . Warehouses are located within the administrative and utility area. General layout of main buildings and constructions of SevRAO Branch 2 is demonstrated in Fig.l maps of the surrounding water areas are given in Fig. 2 (a and b). 

To see that, let us focus on a couple of factors that mainly determine the economy of the EB remediation process i.e. a high power (by which high volumes of water can be rehabilitated daily), and the efficiency (which establishes the transfer rate ofthe accelerator nominal power into useful energy). To this respect, it is instructive to learn from Table 2 that DC and UHF machines (Chapter 2) best match with these requirements. In the DC type machines, electrons are accelerated by a direct-current field, while in the UHF type, acceleration occurs across an electromagnetic field oscillating at few hundreds MHz. These accelerators achieve high powers coupled with moderately-high efficiencies, and therefore represent the best choice for wastewater treatment. At present, the linear accelerators, which are based on a microwave field, show efficiencies and power below the others, such that they are not suitable for environmental purposes. 

---