Water in biology

Luck, W. A. P. Water in Biologic Systems, in Topics in Current Chemistry (ed. Boschke,... 

Webb, S.J. (1965). Bound water. In Biological Integrity, ed. C.C. Thomas, pp. 215-30. Springfield, Illinois Charles C. Thomas. 

Brown, W Stilbs, P Lindstrom, T, Self-Diffusion of Small Molecules in Cellulose Gels using FT-Pulsed Field Gradient NMR, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29, 823,1984. Brownstein, KR Tarr, CE, Importance of Classical Diffusion in NMR Studies of Water in Biological Cells, Physical Review A 19, 2446, 1979. 

Degradation rate of chlorpyrifos in abiotic substrates varies, ranging from about 1 week in seawater (50% degradation) to more than 24 weeks in soils under conditions of dryness, low temperatures, reduced microbial activity, and low organic content. Intermediate degradation rates reported have been 3.4 weeks for sediments and 7.6 weeks for distilled water. In biological samples, degradation time is comparatively short — usually less than 9 h in fishes and probably the same in birds and invertebrates. 

G. W. Robinson, S. Singh, and M. W. Evans, Water in Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Experimental Overviews and Computational Methodologies, World Scientific, Singapore, 1996. 

This case represents a composite typical manufacturing process for a mediumsized protein produced by microbial cells. The key process steps are listed in Table 15.5. The overall yield from fermentation to API ranges from 15 to 30% with no recycle or recovery of used materials. Shown in Table 15.6, this composite process confirms the large usage of water in biologies manufacture 10000 to 20000 kg of water for every kg of protein produced. The amounts of organic solvents could be... 

A review of water in biology, including discussion of the physical structure of liquid water, its interaction with biomolecules, and the state of water in living cells. 

Although it is well recognized that the overwhelming majority of bio-- logical reactions take place in dilute aqueous solutions, very little attention has been paid to the water as a reaction partner, especially from the structural point of view. I shall discuss a few problems that are associated with the presence and the function of water in biological systems. 

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