Water impingement

Spinning disc A rotating disc onto which a fine jet of water impinges, resulting in fine droplets that add moisture to the air supply. 

Slight Ruptured downcomer tube Water impingement from sootblower... 

Pure TNT may be granulated. For this a stream of molten TNT is introduced into a vat, at a place where two jets of cold water impinge on each other (Fig. 84). In this way a product melting at 79.5-80.2°C can be obtained. 

Nonmetallic castable refractories, reinforced with hexagonal steel mesh, are particularly good, since they resist both corrosion and erosion. Conventional refractories are susceptible to deterioration by water sprays, but this difficulty can be overcome by shielding from water impingement or by use of special cements. For best results, the refractory is installed flush with the surface of the steel mesh and is commonly applied with a pneumatic gun to ensure completeness of fill and maximum... 

A cooling tower is, in principle, a special kind of packed tower. In older towers the packing consisted of redwood slats on which drops of water impinged. Such packing has now been largely replaced by cellular fill or, in tall towers with... 

CF is involved in the case of the shaft of a ship propeller, slightly above the waterline, which can normally function until a leak occurs, resulting in the water impinging on the shaft in the area of maximum alternating stress. Failure of the shaft in a few... 

One of the few impressed current zinc systems in the United Kingdom at the time of going to press is shown in Figure 7.10. There has been some concern about the rise in resistance seen on some systems. This may be due to a build up of corrosion products between the zinc and the concrete, or to treatment of the zinc after application to protect it from atmospheric corrosion. Zinc, of course, is not inert and is consumed by corrosion from the atmosphere and water impingement. The anodic reaction also consumes the zinc and gives rise to the formation of oxides and sulphates at the anode/concrete interface which may increase the electrical resistance between anode and cathode. 

Aluminum brass resists high-velocity waters (impingement attack) better than does admiralty metal. Cupro-nickel alloys are especially resistant to high-velocity seawater when they contain small amounts of iron and sometimes manganese as well. For the 10% Ni cupro-nickel alloy, the optimum iron content is about 1.0-1.75%, with 0.75% Mn maximum for the analogous 30% Ni composition, the amount of alloyed iron is usually less (e.g., 0.40-0.70% Fe accompanied by 1.0% Mn maximum) [46]. It is found that supplementary protective films are formed on condenser tube surfaces when iron is contained in water as a result of corrosion products upstream or when added intentionally as ferrous salts. Accordingly, the beneficial effect of iron alloyed with copper-nickel alloys is considered to result from similar availability of iron in the formation of protective films. 

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