Water geology/geochemistry

Ebens, R. J., Shacklette, H. T. (1982). Geochemistry of some Rocks, Mine Spoils, Stream Sediments, Soils, Plants, and Waters in the Western Energy Region of the Conterminous United States. U.S. Geological Survey Prof, Paper No. 1237, Washington, 173 pp. 

Craig H. (1963). The isotopic geochemistry of water and carbon in geothermal areas. In Nuclear Geology of Geothermal Areas, E. Tongiorgi, ed. Spoleto. 

Leybourne, M.I., Clark, I.D., Goodfellow, W.D. 2006. Stable isotope geochemistry of ground and surface waters associated with undisturbed massive sulfide deposits constraints on origin and water-rock reactions. Chemical Geology, 231, 300-325. 

Data has been obtained from published sources and listed data held in the library of the Geological Survey of Namibia. This data has been used to assess the geochemical environment in the vicinity of channel fill and pedogenic uraniumbearing calcrete deposits. The data has been analysed by various methods and laboratories so direct comparison of the data has to be treated with caution. A summary table of the geochemistry of waters from each of the deposits is given in Table 1. 

Lithium isotope geochemistry is characterized by a difference close to 30%c between ocean water (5 Li + 31%c) and bulk silicate earth with a 8 Li-value of 3.2%c (Seitz et al. 2007). In this respect lithium isotope geochemistry is very similar to that of boron (see p. 45). The isotopic difference between the mantle and the ocean can be used as a powerful tracer to constrain water/ rock interactions (Tomaszak 2004). Figure 2.6 gives an overview of Li-isotope variations in major geological reservoirs. 

The lowest observed 5 B-values of around -30%c are for certain tonrma-lines (Chaussidon and Albarede 1992) and some non-marine evaporite seqnences (Swihart et al. 1986), whereas the most enriched HB-reservoir is given by brines from Australia and Israel (Dead Sea) which have 5 B-valnes of np to 60%c (Vengosh et al. 1991a, b). A very characteristic feature of boron geochemistry is the isotopic composition of ocean water with a constant 5 B-valne of 39.5%c (Spivack and Edmond 1987), which is abont 50%c heavier than average continental crnst value of -10 2%o (Chaussidon and Albarede 1992). Isotope variations of boron in some geological reservoirs are shown in Fig. 2.7. 

Another important question concerning the isotopic composition of ocean water is how constant its isotopic composition has been throughout geological history. This remains an area of ongoing controversy in stable isotope geochemistry (see... 

Izbicki JA, BaU JW, Bullen TD, Sutley S J (2008) Chromium, chromium isotopes and selected trace elements. Western Mojave Desert, USA, Appl Geochemistry 23 1325-1352 Jaffres JB, Shields GA, Wallmann K (2007) The oxygen isotope evolution of seawater a critical review of a long-standing controversy and an improved geological water cycle model for the past 3,4 billion years. Earth Sci Rev 83 83-122... 

Banwart, S. A., Evans, K. A. Croxford, S. 2002. Predicting mineral weathering rates at field scale for mine water risk assessment. In Younger, P. L. Robins, N. S., (eds) Mine Water Hydrogeology and Geochemistry. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 198, 137-157. 

Water Hydrogeology and Geochemistry. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 198, 251-266. 

Capuano, R.M. and Moore, J.N. (1980) Hg and As soil geochemistry as a technique for mapping permeable structures over a hot-water geothermal system. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 12(6), 269. 

Robinson, J.G.R. and Ayotte, J.D. (2006) The influence of geology and land use on arsenic in stream sediments and ground waters in New England, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 21(9), 1482-97. 

Burk, N.I., Lachmar, T.E. and Kolesar, P.T. (2004) Geochemistry of metals in surface and ground water from an abandoned mine in the North Fork of the American Fork River, Utah. Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, 36(4), 29. 

Ghebremicael, S.T. and Campana, M. (2001) Geochemistry of arsenic in the ground water of Fernley, Nevada. Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, 33(6), 54. 

Koski, A. and Wood, S. (2003) Aqueous geochemistry of thermal waters in the Alvord Basin, Oregon. Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, 35(6), 407. 

Levy, D.B., Schramke, J.A., Esposito, K.J. et al. (1997) Geochemistry of Arsenic and Fluorine in Shallow Ground Water Eastern Owens Lake, California. 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry Proceedings, Vail, Colorado, USA. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, No. 97-0496, p. 53. 

Mudroch, A., Joshi, S.R., Sutherland, D. et al. (1989) Geochemistry of sediments in the Back Bay and Yellowknife Bay of Great Slave Lake. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, 14(1), 35-42. 

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