Water content/consumption

The problem of the high resistance polarisation decreases with increasing water content and salinity, such as prevails during immersion in seawater, where these anodes are particularly useful. Since no problems of burial arise in that environment an endless variety of disused iron-ware has been utilised for anodes, e.g. pipes, piling, machinery, rails and even obsolete shipping which has not been economic to salvage. Consumption rates in excess of the theoretical value have been reported for steel in different waters . 

The water content should be and is increasingly determined during RM preparation by Karl Fischer titration. The principle of this method is that it quantifies water selectively by measuring the consumption of iodine. During the titration, iodine oxidizes methylsulfite, formed from methanol and sulfur dioxide in a first step, to methylsulfate under stoichiometric involvement of water. Complete reac-... 

The amount of chemicals used varies significantly with the specification of the final product, the types of hides and skins that are treated and the process chosen. Figures for the consumption of chemicals can therefore only be given within a broad range. The water content must also be taken into account when comparing consumption figures. An example of a brief overview of the chemical consumption is given in Table 1 [2],... 

O2 consumption rate becomes smaller under 0.7 V, the O2 concentration at the reaction surface recovers, thus leading to an increase in the cell current density. The current rise time corresponds well with the characteristic time scale of gas phase transport as analyzed above. The rise in the cell current, however, experiences an overshoot because the polymer membrane still maintains a higher water content corresponding to 0.6 V. It then takes about 15 s for the membrane to adjust its water content at the steady state corresponding to 0.7 V. This numerical example clearly illustrates the profound impact of water management on transient dynamics of low humidity PEFC engines where the polymer membrane relies on reaction water for hydration or dehydration. 

Shock NW, Watkin DM, Yiengst BS, et al. Age differences in the water content of the body as related to basal oxygen consumption in males. J Gerontol 1963 18 1-8. 

Among the formulation variables that control extrudability of a product, several studies (25,26,33-35) point to the fluid or moisture content of the wet feed material being more critical than others. The force or torque of extrusion and power consumption are often inversely proportional to moisture content of the extrudate as seen from Figures 11 and 12 (26,36-38), while the particle size of pellets increases linearly with water content when extruded with gravity feed basket and roll extruders (33). Using instrumented gravity feed and radial screw extruders, a three- to fourfold decrease in the force has been noted, with a 10% increase in water content of feed material (37). 

From experiments with an inert matrix, further investigations focused on the humidity of the rice. The results with extraction conditions of 100 bar and 40°C and a C02 consumption of 5.5 kg/kg rice are shown in Fig. 9.6-15, for which the water content was set by spraying defined amounts of water on the surface of the rice. The best results are obtained with... 

It was found that a second SARP commercial unit of about the same design as the first one, although considerably larger, was also easy to operate, and in general gave little trouble. Using an overall olefin feed of about 35% propylene and 65% butylenes, the acid consumption was reduced to about one third. The research octane value of the total alkylate of about 375° F.E.P. was about 94 clear and 105 with 3 cc. TEL. The water content on the SARP discard acid was about 1.9% whereas without SARP it was about 4-5%, and in each case with make-up acid of 99.0-99.5%. 

The water content in the microemulsion fuels was compensated for at injection, and the water was disregarded in the calculations of the fuel consumption. The fuel consumption expressed as g fuel per horse-power-hr increased by approximately 9% for the microemulsion fuels containing 10 and 30% (w/w) of water and by 4% for the fuel with 20% compared with the reference fuel. These increases were approximately independent of injection timing (°BTDC), used speed, and load. 

Figure 2 The amount of CO2 consumption (Q) during the hydrate accumulation for model sediments (sand with 7% of montmorillonite clay) with water content (Wjy) 1-17%, 2-10%...

The effects of drying temperature, bed thickness, and recycle ratio on water content and ascorbic acid/carotenoids retention were studied. Energy consumption per mass of water evaporated was evaluated considering only the energy used for heating ambient air to the inlet temperature. 

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