Water asphalt

The earliest binders were those which were already well known, either in adhesives or paints. They included corn syrup, glycerol, ethylene glycol and dextrose (all dispersed in water), asphalt-based varnish (in naphtha), and silicone varnish (in xylene). The range of binders which has been studied has since been extended enormously, to include lacquers, polymers, soluble salts, fused salts, fusible oxides and fluorides, ceramics and metals, and a number are listed in Table 11,1. 

Another very important application of surface science in the petroleum industry that has recently been receiving much attention is the creation of oil-in-water asphaltic emulsions (asphalt dispersed in a brine continuous phase) which are used to pave roads (44). The idea is to decrease the viscosity of asphalt, while at the same time avoiding the use of gasoline. The latter is presently... 

As the stability of w/o emulsions appeared clearly related to the presence of an interfadal network surrounding the water droplets (40- ), many rheological studies of water/asphalted oil interfaces have been made to clarify the mechanisms involved ( 6) The rheological properties of these interfaces have been found to be strongly dependent on the nature of solvent used for dilution, the oil concentration, the asphaltenes and resin concentrations, the resin to asphaltenes ratio, and so on ( 7-51). 

Uses Defoamer for latex mtg., formulation of aq. paints and adhesives, effluent water, asphalt emulsions, PVC monomer stripping, personal care formulations Properties Opaque oily liq. sol. 5% in min. spirits, disp. in water sp.gr. 0.89 flash pt. (PMCC) > 200 F pH 5.0 100% act. 

During storage, sediments decant with the water phase and deposit along with paraffins and asphalts in the bottoms of storage tanks as thick sludges or slurries (BS W). The interface between the water-sediment and the crude must be well monitored in order to avoid pumping the slurry into the refinery s operating units where it can cause serious upsets. 

Structural Insulation Boards. Stmctural iasulation boards are made by a process similar to that used for iasulation board, with the exception of another additive which provides additional weight, strength, and water resistance. The additive is normally asphalt, which is added ia a... 

Tetrahydronaphthalene [119-64-2] (Tetralin) is a water-white Hquid that is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and completely soluble in other monohydric alcohols, ethyl ether, and most other organic solvents. It is a powerhil solvent for oils, resins, waxes, mbber, asphalt, and aromatic hydrocarbons, eg, naphthalene and anthracene. Its high flash point and low vapor pressure make it usehil in the manufacture of paints, lacquers, and varnishes for cleaning printing ink from rollers and type in the manufacture of shoe creams and floor waxes as a solvent in the textile industry and for the removal of naphthalene deposits in gas-distribution systems (25). The commercial product typically has a tetrahydronaphthalene content of >97 wt%, with some decahydronaphthalene and naphthalene as the principal impurities. 

Low Level Waste Treatment. Methods of treatment for radioactive wastes produced in a nuclear power plant include (/) evaporation (qv) of cooling water to yield radioactive sludges, (2) filtration (qv) using ion-exchange (qv) resins, (J) incineration with the release of combustion gases through filters while retaining the radioactively contaminated ashes (see Incinerators), (4) compaction by presses, and (5) solidification in cement (qv) or asphalt (qv) within metal containers. 

Fiber dmms can be produced to meet a wide variety of requirements. They can be constmcted with adhesives for water resistance, their interiors can be coated, their walls and ends can incorporate metal foil or asphalt-impregnated pHes, and their exteriors can be decorated by painting, varnishing, and silk screening for both ornamental and functional purposes. 

CeUulosic fibers, powdered limestone, gHsonite, and asphalt are frequently added to both water and oH muds at levels of 10 to 25 kg/m (4—10 lb /bbl) when high differential pressures are encountered to control seepage losses to the formation. This treatment also is used to improve the quaHty of the mud filter cake to reduce the chance of differential pressure sticking. 

Sohd materials, such as gilsonite and asphalt, and partially soluble sulfonated asphalt may also be added to plug small fractures in exposed shale surfaces and thereby limit water entry into the formation (105,124). The asphalts are oxidized or treated to impart partial solubiUty. These materials may be softened by the downhole temperature, causing them to deform and squeeze into small openings exposed to the borehole. Laboratory tests designed to evaluate shale-stabilizing muds have confirmed the beneficial action of these materials (125) (see also Soil STABILIZATION). 

Although over 1.1 x 10 t of phosphoms pentoxide was produced in 1992, 99.5% of this material was converted immediately into phosphoric acid. The amount of phosphoms pentoxide produced and sold as such in the United States in 1994 was 6200 tons. The typical 1994 price was 1.6—1.7/kg. The only U.S. producer is Rhc ne-Poulenc at Mt. Pleasant, Teimessee. Phosphoms pentoxide, which is used to make asphalt-blowing agents and in water treatment, amounts to 1.0 x 10 t in 1992. 

For other recreational surfaces, such as mnning tracks, the installation techniques are quite different. Most are poured-in-place. An interlocking tile technique may be employed for tennis courts. In all cases, adequate provision for weathering and water drainage is essential. In general, the resiHent surfaces are installed over a hard base (see Fig. 4) that contains the necessary curbs to provide the finished level. Outdoors, asphalt is the most common base, and indoors, concrete. A poured-in-place polyurethane surface (14) is mixed on-site and cast from at least two components, an isocyanate and a filled... 

Emulsified asphalt used as a protective coating is specified by ASTM D1227 (10). These emulsions ate appHed above freezing by bmsh, mop, or spray, and bond to either damp or dry surfaces. Such appHcation is not recommended for inclines <4° to avoid the accumulation of water. However, curing by water evaporation can be slow, and these emulsions may remain water-susceptible. 

Tar sand, also variously called oil sand (in Canada) or bituminous sand, is the term commonly used to describe a sandstone reservoir that is impregnated with a heavy, viscous black extra heavy cmde oil, referred to as bitumen (or, incorrectly, as native asphalt). Tar sand is a mixture of sand, water, and bitumen, but many of the tar sand deposits in the United States lack the water layer that is beHeved to cover the Athabasca sand in Alberta, Canada, thereby faciHtating the hot-water recovery process from the latter deposit. The heavy asphaltic organic material has a high viscosity under reservoir conditions and caimot be retrieved through a weU by conventional production techniques. 

Admixtures are sometimes used to reduce permeabiUty of concrete (80—82). These iaclude pore-filling materials such as chalk. Fuller s earth, or talc water repellents such as mineral oil, asphalt, or wax emulsions organic polymers (acryflc latexes, epoxies) and salts of fatty acids, especially stearates. 

Trinidad asphalt has a relatively uniform composition of 29% water and gas, 39% bitumen soluble in carbon disulfide, 27% mineral matter on ignition, and 5% bitumen that remains adsorbed on the mineral matter. Refining is essentially a process of dehydration by heating the cmde asphalt to ca 165°C. The refined product averages 36% mineral ash with a penetration at 25°C of about 2 (0.2 mm), a softening point (ring and ball method) of 99°C, a flash point (Cleveland open cup) of 254°C, a sulfur content of 3.3%, and a saponification value of 45 mg KOH/g. The mineral matter typically contains... 

Asphalt (bitumen) also occurs in various oil sand (also called tar sand) deposits which occur widely scattered through the world (17) and the bitumen is available by means of various extraction technologies. A review of the properties and character of the bitumen (18) suggests that, when used as an asphaltic binder, the bitumen compares favorably with specification-grade petroleum asphalts and may have superior aging characteristics and produce more water-resistant paving mixtures than the typical petroleum asphalts. 

Air-blown asphalts, more resistant to weather and changes ia temperature than the types mentioned previously are produced by batch and continuous methods. Air-blown asphalts, of diverse viscosities and flow properties with added fillers, polymers, solvents, and ia water emulsions, provide products for many appHcations ia the roofing industry. 

Temperature is the most important variable and preheating is generally necessary to 200—230°C. After air has been introduced, there is a gradual temperature rise because of the exothermic reaction, until some means is appHed to hold the temperature such as a water or steam spray on the asphalt surface to maintain a temperature of approximately 260°C. The end point can be predicted by periodic testing of the softening point. 

Water Content (ASTMD95). This test covers the water content of asphalt by distiUation using a Dean-Stark receiver. 

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