Wastewater generation parameters

This simple example illustrates that the wastewater target for a plant is dependent on the schedule of the tasks within the time horizon. It also illustrates that the least amount of wastewater generation can only be achieved if the schedule is flexible. This implies that time is treated as a variable instead of a parameter. Important to note is that the production over the time horizon has not been negatively affected by the changing of the schedule, both wastewater generation targets and production targets are achieved. 

Over the last decade, much interest has been generated in monitoring environmental problems and associated risks of wastes, in particular, wastewaters generated by the pulp and paper industries. A major goal is to reassess the target pollutant levels and consider the use of risk-based discharge permit values rather than the absolute endpoint values. This risk-based approach requires analytical tools that can quantify the ecotoxic characteristics of discharges rather than the absolute concentration of specihc pollutants or the values of lumped pollution parameters such as BOD, COD, and so on. 

DOC is a parameter of great interest to the determination of the effectiveness of wastewater-treatment procedures. The radiative methods employed in DOC determination [82,85-87,89,91] are basically the same as for TOC determination. The FIA technique has also been applied to determine DOC [1,88]. In this case, the sample and persulfate are mixed online and driven to a UV photoreactor. The hydroxyl radicals generated by persulfate are strong oxidants and the DOC is transformed to CO2 that, imder the rather high pH, is present as bicarbonate and carbonate. The method is followed by the acidification of the stream and the separation of the CO2. Finally, the decrease in the absorbance at 552 nm is measured. By applying this system, the LOD has been 0.09-0.22 mg C/L, with a dynamic range from 0.1 to 2 mg C/L [88]. Precision values as good as 3% (RSD from 16 replicates) are reported. With this system, up to 45 samples/h can be analyzed. 

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