Wages

Total annual fuel and energy costs Wages of engineers and operators A.nnual maintenance allowances... 

The working capital includes the cost of inventories, such as raw materials, materials-in-process, products, etc as well as suppHes, accounts receivable less accounts payable, prepaid expenses, other cash needs such as payroll, and some start-up expenses, eg, materials and wages. Typical inventories can be taken as one month s supply of raw materials, products, and materials-in-process. The materials-in-process can be valued at one month s sales. Other operating cash can be estimated as the actual cash need for one month. 

Distribution costs depend on plant location, physical state of the material (whether liquid, gas, or sohd), nature of the material (whether corrosive, explosive, flammable, perishable, or toxic), freight rates, and labor costs. Distribution costs may be affected by any of the following new methods of materials handling, safety regulations, productivity agreements, wage rates, transportation systems, storage systems, quality, losses, and seasonal effects. 

Operating Labor The cost of operating labor is the second largest item of expense in the manufac turing cost. Labor requirements for a process can be estimated from an intelhgent study of the equipment flow sheet, paying careful attention to the various primaiy process steps such as frac tionation, filtration, etc. The hourly wage rate should be that currently paid in the company. Once the number of persons reqiiired per shift has been estimated for a particular production rate, the annual labor cost and the labor cost per unit of production can be estimated. 

Direct labor cost Wage rate Labor efficiency... 

From Eq. (9-219) we calculate the direct-labor-cost variance as 3401 per period. This variance is unfavorable. However, by using the relations of Eq. (9-220), we calculate a direct pay, or wage-rate, variance of 0(cl — Cl) = 6509(8.45 — 8.00) = 2929 per period. This direct pay variance is unfavorable. Likewise, we calculate the direct-labor-efficiency variance as Cl(0 — 0 ) = 8.00(6509 — 6450) = 472 per period. This variance is also unfavorable. 

For this example, the adverse direct-labor cost variance of 3401 is due to both a hi er wage rate per hour and a higher number of labor-hours. 

The direct-labor-cost variance can, if necessary, be broken down into a direc t-labor-idle-time variance in addition to the direct-wage-rate and direct-labor-efficiency variances. The direc t-labor-idle-time variance is simply the number of idle labor-hours in the period multiplied by the standard wage rate. This is rarely relevant to the conditions existing in process plants except when maintenance is involved. 

Labor Expenses. In the majority of situations, projects will cause a company s labor requirements to change. This change could be a positive effect that increases available productive time, or there could be a decrease in employees production time depending upon the practice. When computing labor expenses, the Tier 1 costs could be significant. Labor expense calculations can be simplistic or comprehensive. The most direct and basic approach is to multiply the wage rate by the hours of labor. More comprehensive calculations include the associated costs of payroll taxes, administration, and benefits. Many companies routinely track these costs and establish an internal burdened labor rate to use in financial analysis. 

Another influential theory of motivation was proposed by Herzberg et al. (1959). This theory postulates only two levels of motivation. Herzberg contrasted wages, working conditions, interpersonal relations and supervisory behavior which he called "hygiene" factors, with recognition, achievement, responsibility, and advancement which he called "motivators."... 

Balken,m. beam girder band (Anat.) corpus callosum, mikrowage,/. beam microbalance, -wage, /. beam balance. 

Dienst-herr, m, employer, master, -leistung, /. service, functioning, -lohn, m, wages, dienstlos, a. out of employment,... 

Lohn, m, reward wages, pay. -arbeiter, m. common workman,... 

Tag-bau, m. open working, -blatt, n. daily paper, -buch, n. diary, joiirnal. tagelang, adv. the day long, for days. Tage-lohn, m. daily wages, day s wages, -loh-ner, m. day laborer, tagen, D.t. dawn (of assemblies) sit. 

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