VX poison

B. R., Cerasoli, D.M., Federko, J.M., Luo, C., Saxena, A., Doctor, B.P., Olson, C. (2005). Protection against soman or VX poisoning by human butyrylcholinesterase in guinea pigs and cynomolgus monkeys. Chem. Biol. Interact. 157-8 205-10. 

Aurbek, N., Thierman, H., Szinicz, L., Eyer, P., Worek, F. (2006). Application of kinetic-based computer modeling to evaluate the efficacy of HI-6 in percutaneous VX poisoning. Toxicology 224 74-80. 

Koplovitz, I., Harris, L.W., Anderson, D.R., Lennox, W.J., Stewart, J.R. (1992). Reduction by pyridostigmine pretreatment of the efficacy of atropine and 2-PAM treatment of sarin and VX poisoning in rodents. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 18 192-6. 

Stojiljkovic, M.P., Pantelic, D., Maksimovic, M. (2001). Tabun, sarin, soman and VX poisoning in rats kinetics of inhibition of central and peripheral acetylcholinesterase, ageing, spontaneous and oxime-facilitated reactivation. Vll International Symposium on Protection against Chemical and Biological Agents. Stockholm, Sweden, June 15-19,... 

The product was also compared to Fuller s earth in a pig model. The potency of the RSDL/sponge was statistically better than Fuller s earth against skin injury induced by sulfur mustard, observed 3 days post-exposure. RSDL was more efficient than Fuller s earth in reducing the formation of perinuclear vacuoles and inflammation processes in the epidermis and dermis. The potencies of the RSDL/sponge and Fuller s earth were similar to severe inhibition of plasma cholinesterases induced by VX poisoning. Both systems completely prevented cholinesterase inhibition, which indirectly indicates a prevention of toxic absorption through the skin (Taysse et al, 2007). 

Weger, N., and Szinicz, L., Therapeutic effects of new oximes, benactyzine and atropine in soman poisoning. Part I. Effects of various oximes in soman, sarine and Vx poisoning in dogs, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1(3-4), 161-163,1981. 

Nozaki H, Aikawa N, Fujishima S et al. (1995). A case of VX poisoning and the difference from sarin. Lancet, 346, 698-699. 

Chilcott RP, Dalton CH, Hill I et al. (2003). Clinical manifestations of VX poisoning following percutaneous exposure in the domestic white pig. Human Exp Toxicol, 22, 255-261. 

The only definite casualty from VX poisoning has been a member of the Aum cult who was executed by other members in 1994 when he tried to defect. He was approached in the street in Osaka and VX was sprinkled on his neck by two attackers. He chased them but quickly collapsed and then died ten days later without ever recovering consciousness. The cult also tried to kill a lawyer by injecting a VX/hair oil mixture into a keyhole, hoping that he would transfer the VX onto his skin from his key. 

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