Agent VX

The liquid waste stream from the first step of the VX neutralization process at NECDF is called hydrolysate. Hydrolysate is the solution resulting from the treatment of the VX agent with an aqueous NaOH solution. It is a high-pH mixture that consists of two phases, aqueous and organic. The organic phase may represent up to 5 percent by volume of the total mixture. This hydrolysate process waste stream must be destroyed for compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty (NRC, 1998). Approximately 33 percent of the original VX stockpile at NECDF has been neutralized as of January 2007, resulting in the accumulation... 

VX was synthesized in the 1960s on the basis of the results of Tammelin and AquUonius (Aquilonius et al., 1964 Tammehn, 1957). The manufacturing of VX began in the USA in 1961. Construction of the USA s VX agent production plant at Newport, Indiana, was completed in 1961, when the first agent was produced. The production facility only operated for 7 years, and was placed on standby in 1968 (Smart, 1997). 

Kuca, K., Jun, D., Cabal, J., Hrabinova, M., Bartosova, L., Opletalova, V. (2006). Russian VX inhibition and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase and its comparison with VX-agent. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 98 389-94. 

Kuca, K., Kassa, J. (2004). Oximes-induced reactivation of rat brain acetylcholinesterase inhibited by VX agent. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 23 167-71. 

The exercise was intended to deal with a "terrorist action" scenario as the one of the most dangerous events for unprotected civilians. Medical scenario for exercise proposed by Iranian experts and was focused on terrorism usage of VX agent. 

According to the medical scenario for the exercise, it was focused on terroristic usage of VX agent and according to the medical operation procedure, the main medical operations was focused on management of VX casualties in two points ... 

Some one-ton containers of mustard and VX agents are stored in warehouses or outside when outside they are secured with chains. In either case, they are stored within an exclusion area. 

The Newport stockpile represents approximately 4 percent of the original stockpile, consisting of bulk VX agent in ton containers. NECDF began neutralization of VX in May 2005 and had neutrahzed 19 percent of the stored VX as of mid-2006. 

Agent GB (sarin) is an organophosphate ChE inhibitor similar in mode of action and toxic effects to agents GA, GD, and VX. Agent GB is volatile and also soluble in water. It is acutely toxic by all routes of exposure, inhalation, inges-... 

On the basis of consideration of obtained laser absorption spectrum. Fig. 3 the following working pair for detection of Vx agent has been selected. The line 9P30 is a measure line and the 10R24 is a reference line. 

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