Vs. concentration ratio

Figure 23.8 Number of contactors Liqui Cel 4" x 28" in MBSE and MBSS of phenylalanine, as well as the overall number of contactors vs. concentration ratio (approach to equilibrium) in the solvent at the raffinate end of the extractor [127], Yield in MBSE was 70%.

Figure 8. Yield Curves for Salt-To-Pu Ratio vs Concentration of MgC12 for Extraction of Americium From NaCi-CaCl2-MgCl2 Salt Using 2-Stage Counter-Current Extraction...

Equations of the same form hold for the other pairs C4H8+/C6Hi2+ etc. Figure 8 shows a plot of (C2H4)n i+/(C2H4)n+ vs. the reciprocal ethylene concentration. The data cover an ethylene pressure range from 0.04-1 torr. To obtain the plot, we have replaced the ionic concentration ratio... 

The similarity between the plots of c/r vs. c shown in Figs. 47 and 48 and those for tc/c vs. c shown in Figs. 38 and 39 is apparent. Deviations from ideality (i.e., the changes in iz/c and in c/r with c) have the same origin for both types of measurements. As with the osmotic pressure-concentration ratio, the change of c/r with c may be reduced by choosing a poor solvent. A further advantage of a poor solvent enters because of the smaller size assumed by the polymer molecule in a poor solvent environment, which reduces the dissymmetry correction. 

Calibration of an internal standard method is done by preparing standard samples of varying concentration. The same amount of IS is added to each, and the standard samples are analyzed using a developed method. The detector response, area or height, of each standard is determined, and a ratio is calculated. The graph of concentration vs. area ratio is plotted. The method is considered linear if the correlation coefficient is 0.99 or better. The response factor RF is calculated as... 

This may be partly the result of increased steric crowding in the transition state of transalkylation. Another contributory factor to the increased selectivity in ZSM-5 is the higher diffusion rate of ethylbenzene vs m-/o-xylene in ZSM-5 and hence a higher steady state concentration ratio [EB]/[xyl] in the zeolite interior than in the outside phase. Diffusional restriction for xylenes vs ethylbenzene may also be indicated by the better selectivity of synthetic mordenite vs ZSM-4, since the former had a larger crystal size. 

The procedure is to measure the peak sizes of both the internal standard peak and the analyte peak and then to divide the analyte peak area by the internal standard peak area. The area ratio thus determined is then plotted vs. concentration of the analyte. The result is a method in which the volume injected is not as important and, in fact, can vary substantially from one injection to the next because this ratio does not change as the volume injected changes, since both peaks are affected equally by the changes. 

Increasing standard amounts of analyte are added to the sample and the resulting peak areas, which should show an increase with concentration added, are measured. This method is not as useful in GC as it would be in atomic absorption (see Chapter 9), since the sample matrix is not an issue in GC as it is in atomic absorption, due to the fact that matrix components become separated. However, standard additions may be useful for convenience s sake, particularly when the sample to be analyzed already contains a component capable of serving as an internal standard. Thus, standard additions could be used in conjunction with the internal standard method (see Experiment 45), and the internal standard would not have to be independently added to the sample and to the series of standards — it is already present, a convenient circumstance. Area ratio would then be plotted vs. concentration added and the unknown concentration determined by extrapolation to zero area ratio. Please refer to Chapter 9 for other details of the method of standard additions. 

Select another peak that is well resolved from the others and use it as an internal standard. Obtain the peak areas and area ratios (analyte to internal standard) and plot peak area ratio vs. concentration added. 

The internal standard method uses an internal standard substance added in a constant amount to all standards and the sample. Area ratio of analyte peak to internal standard peak is plotted vs. concentration of analyte. The standard additions method uses the addition of the analyte in increasing amounts to the sample. Peak area is plotted vs. concentration added and the line is extrapolated to zero peak area to get the sample concentration. 

In this study, standard concentration ratios were adopted in the continuous-flow reactor [85AG(E)254] (Fig. 1). The temperature of the reactor was slowly increased and the conversion vs. temperature plot was monitored in the presence of various [cpCoL] complexes acting as catalysts (Fig. 2). 

Fig. 2 Determination of the binding stoichiometry of human serum albumin (HSA) to its mouse monoclonal IgG antibody (anti-HSA). (A) The concentration of anti-HSA was 0.33 /J.M. DNS-E was dansylglutamic acid used as internal standard. The intermediate species is considered to be due to the 1 1 complex. (B) A plot of the concentration of free ligand vs. the ratio of [HSA]/[anti-HSA] gives a sharp break at the stoichiometric point. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 8. Copyright 1994 American Chemical Society.)...

Colloids vs. Free Element. The concentration ratio of colloids with an adsorbed radioactive element to free element is... 

The mass transfer coefficient can be calculated from the slope of the line obtained by plotting the solute concentration ratio (In [AC/AC ]) from Eq. (7) vs time. This iCjn is related to Eqs. (5) and (6). However, the parameters in the above Eqs. (5)-(7) are quite complicated functions. Hence, the gas absorption equations developed by Yang and Cussler [181] in hollow fiber contactors have been extended for liquid-liquid systems. The overall mass transfer resistance in hollow fiber modules is given by [2,182] ... 

Reject Ratio. The reject ratio, expressed as a percentage, is defined as the ratio of fluid rejected as concentrated oily water from the upstream outlet to the clean-water underflow. As the reject ratio increases, the efficiency of separation increases and then plateaus and remains essentially constant. This is presented graphically in Fig. 2, which shows the characteristic curves of efficiency vs. reject ratio for Murchison and Hutton with a well-defined breakpoint it approximately 1%. 

All results which will be reported pertain to steady-state values of both IR and s. At relatively high values of the ratio of photocurrent density vs. concentration at pH = 3.8, an initial decrease of the photocurrent was observed, indicating the formation of some surface layer. Such cases have not been taken into consideration here. 

Fig. 3.3 Example of plot of KcIRg, where K is an optical constant and Re is difference between the Rayleigh ratio of the solution and that of the pure solvent, vs. concentration. From an SLS experiment on a PS-PI diblock (W = 43 kg mol-1, 81% PS) in dimelhylacetamide at 26.5 °C (Booth et al. 1978).

Fig. 4.6. Surface tension vs concentration of azo groups-containing polyacrylamides prepared at 78 °C with different polyazoester/monomer ratios. Weight ratio polyazoester/monomer (A) 1/6, (O) 1/14, ( ) 1/50, (x) 1/100...

Figure 5. Dissymmetry ratio IiS/I1S5 vs. concentration of polystyrene in cyclohexane at different temperatures above the phase-separation temperature...

Plotting A vs. the ratio of the polyelectrolyte to the salt concentration, cp/cs, the largest change of the slope is located in the cp/cs region between 1 and 3. An example is given in Fig. 20 for the lowest molar mass and holds for all ionic strengths and molar masses that have been investigated. This implies that a linear increase of the equivalent conductivity below the overlap concentration will only be found if the polyelectrolyte concentration exceeds the concentration of monovalent low molecular electrolyte by a factor of two to three. 

Fig. 20. Plot of the equivalent conductivity A vs. the ratio of the PDADMAC to the salt concentration cp / cs for PDADMAC with Mn= 12,000 g mol-1 T=20 °C...

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