Voltage, cell critical

Peachey L D, Ishikawa H and Murakami T 1996 Correlated confocal and intermediate voltage electron microscopy imaging of the same cells using sequential fluorescence labeling fixation and critical point dehydration Scanning Microsc. (SuppI) 10 237-47... 

Wang et al. [96] constructed a Na/S battery with a sodium metal anode, liquid electrolyte, and a sulfur (dispersed in polyacrylonitrile) composite cathode and tested its electrochemical characteristics at room temperature. The charge/discharge curves indicated that sodium could reversibly react with the composite cathode at room temperature. Average charge and discharge voltage was 1.8 and 1.4 V, respectively. Similar to lithium batteries, dendrite formation was noted as a critical problem for these cells. 

When electrochemical detection systems are used, it is essential that the mobile phases used are electrically conductive but only result in a low background current at the voltage selected. Cell volumes are of the order of 1 /d and the control of flow rate, pH and temperature is critical for reliable detection. 

In reality, this behavior is only observed in the limit of small jg. At currents o 1 A cm-2 that are relevant for fuel cell operation, the electro-osmotic coupling between proton and water fluxes causes nonuniform water distributions in PEMs, which lead to nonlinear effects in r/p M- These deviations result in a critical current density, p at which the increase in r/pp j causes the cell voltage to decrease dramatically. It is thus crucial to develop membrane models that can predicton the basis of experimental data on structure and transport properties. 

Fuel cells incorporating lithographic methods and masking/deposition/etching protocols have been fabricated on Si wafers and thereby satisfy two critical needs in a standard fuel cell collection of electrons (current collectors) and controlling the flow field of fuel and oxidant. Kelley et al. produced a miniature direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with a current— voltage and fuel utilization performance that matched standard-sized DMFCs prepared in-lab.A working volume for the miniature DMFC of 12 mm was reported, with an operational performance of 822 W h kg at 70 °C. ... 

Potscavage WJ, Sharma A, Kippelen B (2009) Critical interfaces in organic solar cells and their influence on the open-circuit voltage. Acc Chem Res 42 1758... 

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