Visual analogue scale pain score

In a double-blind, placebo-controUed study in 24 elderly patients scheduled for elective total hip replacement who were randomized to either intrathecal morphine 160 pg or nalbuphine 400 pg postoperatively, when the pain score was greater than 3 cm on a visual analogue scale, nalbuphine produced significantly faster onset and shorter duration of analgesia (5). Both opioids produced adequate maximal pain rehef in aU patients. The adverse effects profile was umemarkable in both groups. 

Clinical outcomes appear similar when the internal iliac veins are routinely occluded. Venbrux et al. (1999) followed 56 women for a mean of 22.1 months after embolization with coils and sodium morulate [36]. The internal iliac veins were also occluded in 43 of 56 patients at a separate procedure 3 to 10 weeks after ovarian vein embolization. The technical success rate was 100%. Three patients developed recurrent varices, two of whom were treated with repeat embolization. Using visual analogue scales to measure pain, a mean 65% decrease in VAS score was recorded. Two patients (4%) reported no change in their symptoms, no patients had worsening of their pain after embolization. 

Nervous system Pain on injection is a very common adverse reaction to local anesthetics when used for infiltration. A review of the efficacy of bicarbonate in reducing pain on intradermal injection of local anesthetic agents showed a significant advantage of the buffered solution [43 ]. When bicarbonate was added to the local anesthetic pain scores on a visual analogue scale were reduced by 12% (95% Cl = 6.7, 17). 

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