Viscosity correction chart

The chart given in Figure 16 can be used in the following manner in order to size a relief valve for liquid service. First, determine the area required, A, without any viscosity correction (i.e., for K = 1). Then select the next larger standard orifice size from manufacturer s literature. Determine the Reynolds number, based on the following definition ... 

Figure 3-56. Viscosity performance correction chart for centrifugal pumps. Note do not extrapolate. For centrifugal pumps only, not for axial or mixed flow. NPSH must be adequate. For Newtonian fluids only. For multistage pumps, use head per stage. (By permission. Hydraulic Institute Standards for Centrifugal, Rotary, and Reciprocating Pumps, 13th ed.. Hydraulic Institute, 1975.)...

Figure 7-23. Liquids viscosity correction using chart method for Kp. By permission, Teledyne Farris Engineering Co.

Ku = liquid viscosity correction factor from chart Figure 7-24... 

Figure 7.15. Effects of viscosity on performance of centrifugal pumps (a) Hydraulic Institute correction chart for pumping liquids, (b) Typical performances of pumps when handling viscous liquids. The dashed lines on the chart on the left refer to a water pump that has a peak efficiency at 750 gpm and 100 ft head on a liquid with viscosity 1000 SSU (220 CS) the factors relative to water are efficiency 64%, capacity 95% and head 89% that of water at 120% normal capacity (1.2QH).

Mdien dscous liquids are handled in centrifugal pumps, the brake horsepower is increased, the head is reduced, and the capacity is reduced as compared to the performance with water. The corrections may be negligible for viscosities in the same order of magnitude as water, but become significant above 10 centistokes (10 centipoise for SpGr = 1.0) for heavy materials. While the calculation m.ethods are accepta oly good, for exact performance charts test must be run using the pump in the service. 

The viscosity of ttie liquid may reduce the velocity and capacity enough to require a larger orifice size than the usual liquid capacity equation would indicate This simplified viscosity chart and the Kj viscoscorrection factors obtainable from i( are for use m properly sizing relief valves intended for viscous liquid ser vice. Equations and graphs used m prepanng this chart reflect conservative engmeenng data on the subject... 

In order to use the data in systems handling liquids other than water correction equations and charts are used [66]. The charts are more convenient to use and are presented in Figures 9-46 A, B, C, D. First, determine the total or static hold-ups for water at 20°C second, determine separately the correction for viscosity, density, and surface tension third, multiply the water hold-up by each... 

Robbins points out that with dry beds and at low liquid loads, liquid physical properties have practically no effect on pressure drop. This is correctly predicted by Leva s equation (8.12), but not by the GPDC chart, because the chart uses liquid viscosity and liquid density. 

Other properties that are heavily influenced by the choice of monomer include cure speed (in general higher functional monomers cure more rapidly), viscosity, and durability of the film. Table 1 lists some monomers, their viscosities, and the properties that they enhance (reprinted with permission from Sartomer). it is important to note several trends on the chart. Cure speed increases with an increase in functionality (all of the recommended monomers in that column are at least trifunctional and several are tetra- or penta-functional). Viscosity also increases as the functionality of the monomer is raised (all of the low viscosity diluents are diacrylates). The adhesion promoting monomers are all di- or mono-functional. Most formulas contain several different monomers and sometimes also oligomers as there is often a balancing act that must be performed when selecting materials that will provide the required performance properties while still maintaining the correct viscosity and surface tension. 

The ordinate value of the Strigle chart is, in fact, a capacity parameter, with a slight correction for liquid viscosity,... 

While we have demonstrated how quantities of interest, such as permeability, porosity, hydrocarbon viscosity, and pore pressure, can be uniquely obtained, at least from invasion depth data satisfying our equations for piston-like fluid displacement, the actual problem is far from solved even for the simple fluid dynamics model considered here. For one, the tacit assumption that invasion depths can be accurately inferred from resistivity readings is not entirely correct invasion radii are presently extrapolated from resistivity charts that usually assume concentric layered resistivities, which are at best simplified approximations. And second, since tool response and data interpretation introduce additional uncertainties, not to mention unknown three-dimensional geological effects in the wellbore, time lapse analysis is likely to remain an iterative, subjective, and qualitative process in the near future. With these disclaimers said and done, we now demonstrate via numerical examples how formation parameters might be determined from front radii in actual field runs. 

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