Vinegar-like groups

Instead, separation occurs by chain folding and assembly whereby the oil-like groups associate, separate from vinegar-like groups, and close off from water ... 

Vinegar-like groups, often as ions, prefer being surrounded by organized water. 

The Competition for Water Between Oil-like and Vinegar-like Groups Controls Separation ... 

The classic vinegar-like group is the carbox-ylate -COO, and it becomes less vinegar-like on adding acid, to become the carboxyl -COOH. The measure of the acid, the pH (=... 

When the space-filling protein component is removed, it becomes possible to view the located water molecules within the myosin motor. As shown in Figure 1.5B, an impressive number and distribution of the detected water molecules appear. It can also be expected that there are many more water molecules relevant to function of the myosin motor that are too mobile to be seen by X-ray diffraction, just as is apparent in the crevices and recesses of the surface. By the consilient mechanism these water molecules (seen in Fig. 1.5B and the additional unseen water molecules) are essential to motor function. These water molecules, which in our view are essential for Life, we choose to call the waters of Thales. Thus, as required for this protein motor to function by the consilient mechanism, internal water molecules do exist. Accordingly, in our view, this fundamental protein motor that produces motion contains ample water as part of the structure in order to function in the competition for water between oil-like and vinegar-like groups, which competition expresses as a repulsion between these groups. 

Overall in muscle contraction, calcium-ion-binding triggers release of phosphate (the paramount vinegar-like group) with the consequence of contraction. 

Positive calcium ions pair with negative vinegar-like groups associated with the thin filament to uncover an oil-like domain for a new cross-bridge attachment site. 

Excess proton on one side of the membrane enters a channel in transit to the other side the proton binds to vinegar-like group of a transmembrane helix and makes it more oil-like. 

Drugs, containing charge, pair with oppositely charged vinegar-like groups of the elastic model protein. 

Figure 2.1. The phase transition of oil-like groups separating from water produces motion. A A protein is described as a polypeptide chain molecule with different side chains, R-groups. B The side chains delineated simply as oil-like and vinegar-like (e.g., charged), are distributed along the chain. C The separation of oil-like groups from vinegar-like groups and the association of oil-like groups to form oil-like...

It is important to realize that the principles so derived are independent of a specific molecular structvne. The requirements of the molecular constructs are that they can exist in water, exhibit adequate elasticity or flexibility, and contain oil-like groups in variable spatial relationship to vinegar-like groups with the latter being capable of occurring in states of different degrees of vinegar-like character. 

The mechanism whereby oil-like groups separate from vinegar-like groups provides a... 

Recall that a functional group, for example, a vinegar-like group, can occur in either one of... 

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