Vibrational spectroscopy orientation distribution

The goal of this book is to present in a coherent way the problems of the laser control of matter at the atomic-molecular level, namely, control of the velocity distribution of atoms and molecules (saturation Doppler-free spectroscopy) control of the absolute velocity of atoms (laser cooling) control of the orientation, position, and direction of motion of atoms (laser trapping of atoms, and atom optics) control of the coherent behavior of ultracold (quantum) gases laser-induced photoassociation of cold atoms, photoselective ionization of atoms photoselective multiphoton dissociation of simple and polyatomic molecules (vibrationally or electronically excited) multiphoton photoionization and mass spectrometry of molecules and femtosecond coherent control of the photoionization of atoms and photodissociation of molecules. 

In addition, SFG spectroscopy can be used to indirectly detect ion distributions at charged interfaces using water vibrational signatures. The strength of the SFG response depends on the number of oriented water molecules. At a charged aqueous interface, the electric field at the surface aligns the polar water molecules, which in turn increases the SFG response. This enhancement of the water vibrational signal can be used to indirectly detect the depth of the electric field in the solution, which consequently depends on the ion distribution in the vicinity of the interface. 

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