Vertical profiles carbonate

For stations B and C, where the LAS concentrations were higher than for A, the variation in total LAS concentration with sediment depth was determined by the homologues of 12 and 13 carbon atoms (Fig. 6.5.4). These homologues present a strong tendency to sorption and are readily biodegradable. In interstitial water, the vertical profile of the LAS concentration is similar to that observed for the sediment, particularly at stations B and C. The homologue-specific partition coefficient did not vary much with depth, because there is no appreciable variation in the composition of the sediment with depth [34]. 

The results of concentration measurements are presented as vertical profiles similar to those for the water column, with the vertical axis representing increasing depth below the sediment-water interfece. Depth profiles of concentrations can be used to illustrate downcore variations in the chemical composition of pore waters or in the solid particles. Dissolved concentrations are typically reported in units of moles of solute per liter of pore water. Solid concentrations are reported in mass/mass units, such as grams of carbon per 100 grams of dry sediment (%C) or mg of manganese per kg of dry sediment (ppm Mn). 

Sugawara S, Nakazawa T, Shirakawa Y, Kawamura K, Aoki S, Machida T, Honda H (1998) Vertical profile of the carbon isotope ratio of stratospheric methane over Japan. Geophysic Res Lett 24 2989-2992... 

In the next few years a number of important atmospheric remote sensing missions are planned by NASDA, NASA and ESA. NASDA has constructed a second ADEOS satellite which will have POLDER and ILAS-II (Improved Limb Atmospheric Sounder) on board. The NASA-TERRA platform was launched at the end of 1999 and has the MOPITT instrument (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere), which aims to measure vertical profiles of carbon monoxide and methane in the troposphere. MOPITT is a Canadian instrument supported by an international science team. 

Kuck L.R. Balsley B.B. Helmig D. Conway T.J. Tans P.P. Davis K. Jensen M.L. Bognar J.A. Arrieta R.V. Rodriquez R. and Birks J.W. (2000). Measurements of landscape-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in the Peruvian Amazon by vertical profiling through the atmospheric boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(D17), 22137-22146. 

Murayama S. Yamamoto S. Saigusa N. Kondo H. and Takamura C. (2005). Long-term carbon exchange at a Takayama, Japan forest Statistical analyses of inter-annual variations in the vertical profile of atmospheric C02 mixing ratio and carbon budget in a cool-temperate deciduous forest in Japan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 134(1-4), 17-26. 

Figure 4 Vertical profiles of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TIC) in the ocean. Curve A corresponds to a theoretical profile that would have been obtained prior to the Industrial Revolution with an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 280 ixmol mol The curve is derived from the solubility coefficients for CO2 in seawater, using a typical thermal and salinity profile from the central Pacific Ocean, and assumes that when surface water cools and sinks to become deep water it has equilibrated with atmospheric CO2. Curve B corresponds to the same calculated solubility profile of TIC, but in the year 1995, with an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 360 xmol moPk The difference between these two curves is the integrated oceanic uptake of CO2 from anthropogenic emissions since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, with the assumption that biological processes have been in steady state (and hence have not materially affected the net influx of CO2). Curve C is a representative profile of measured TIC from the central Pacific Ocean. The difference between curve C and B is the contribution of biological processes to the uptake of CO2 in the steady state (i.e. the contribution of the biological pump to the TIC pool.) (courtesy of Doug Wallace and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment).

Vertical profiles of silicic acid (A) and calcium (B). These elements are released to the dissolved phase of seawater upon the dissolution of opal and carbonate tests. (The silicic acid profile was plotted by using Ocean Data View from WOCE data Ca data are from de Villiers (1994).)... 

Vertical profiles of concentration (circles) and A C (squares) versus water column depth for dissolved organic carbon in the temperate Pacific Ocean (after Druffel et a/., 1989). 

Fig. 1-14. Vertical profiles of mixing ratios for ozone, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in the region of the tropopause as derived from aircraft observations over western France on February 9-10, 1972 open symbols indicate ascents, filled symbols represent descents. [Composed from data of Warneck el al. (1973) and Schmidt (1974).] Dashed curves show the range of CO mixing ratios according to Seiler and Wameck (1972). The right-hand side gives the temperature profile from a radiosonde ascent at Paris. Note that the tropopause level derived from the ozone and the temperature profiles differ somewhat, presumably due to the difference in location.

Fig. 2.12. Vertical profiles of different inorganic carbon forms in Liaodong Bay sediments. NaCl form, NH3 H2O form, NaOH form, NH2OH HCI form, x HCl form, TIC, o...

FIG. 23-3 Temperature and composition profiles, a) Oxidation of SOp with intercooling and two cold shots, (h) Phosgene from GO and Gfi, activated carbon in 2-in tubes, water cooled, (c) Gumene from benzene and propylene, phosphoric acid on < uartz, with four quench zones, 260°G. (d) Mild thermal cracking of a heavy oil in a tubular furnace, hack pressure of 250 psig and sever heat fluxes, Btu/(fr-h), T in °F. (e) Vertical ammonia svi,ithesizer at 300 atm, with five cold shots and an internal exchanger. (/) Vertical methanol svi,ithesizer at 300 atm, Gr O -ZnO catalyst, with six cold shots totaling 10 to 20 percent of the fresh feed. To convert psi to kPa, multiply by 6.895 atm to kPa, multiply by 101.3. 

Vertical concentration profiles of (a) temperature, (b) potential density, (c) salinity, (d) O2, (e) % saturation of O2, (f) bicarbonate and TDIC, (g) carbonate alkalinity and total alkalinity, (h) pH, (i) carbonate, ( ) carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations, and (k) carbonate-to-bicarbonate ion concentration ratio. Curves labeled f,p have been corrected for the effects of in-situ temperature and pressure on equilibrium speciation. Curves labeled t, 1 atm have been corrected for the in-situ temperature effect, but not for that caused by pressure. Data from 50°27.5 N, 176°13.8 W in the North Pacific Ocean on June 1966. Source From Culberson, C., and R. M. Pytkowicz (1968). Limnology and Oceanography, 13, 403-417. 

In addition to carbon, DOM also contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus. As shown in Table 23.1, concentrations of DOC are on the order of tens of micromolar, a few micromolar fitr DON, and tenths of micromolar for DOP. The vertical concentration distributions typically exhibit stratification as exemplified by the profiles in Figure 23.4. 

Tables 12.2 and 12.3. The effect of vertical variability is shown in Table 12.2, while the lateral spatial variability is shown in Table 12.3. The vertical and lateral spatial variabilities were defined on the basis of either the measured adsorption coefficient K), as generated from adsorption isotherms on soil profiles, or on adsorption coefficients on soil organic matter calculated as adsorption on organic carbon per unit weight of soil. We see that both vertical (Table 12.2) and lateral (Table 12.3) variability of soil affect the adsorption coefficients. A comparison between the bromide (conservative) and the two nonconservative herbicides distributions with depth after about 900mm of leaching is shown in Fig. 12.3. We see that, in the case of bromide, there is a continuous displacement of the center of mass with cumulative infiltration. In contrast, the bulk of the herbicide contaminant mass remains in the upper soil layer, with very little displacement.

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