Vertical Mixing in the Interior

Estimates of the vertical turbulent diffusivity in the Baltic Sea have been performed mainly by three different methods. 

The vertical turbulent diffusivity is parameterized in numerical models by 

A refined one-dimensional numerical ocean model of the southern Baltic Sea was used by Axell (2002) to investigate suitable parameterizations of unresolved turbulence and compared it with available observations. The turbulence model is a k- model that includes extra source terms of turbulent kinetic energy production by internal waves and Langmuir circulation due to unresolved, breaking internal waves and Langmuir 

Direct estimates of diapycnal exchange coefficients have been made by Kullenberg (1977) from dispersion measurements of injected dye tracer in the thermoline and halocline of the Arkona Basin and the Bornholm Basin in the Baltic Sea. 

The turbulent diapycnal exchange coefficient in stratified water can be estimated according to Osborne (1980) assuming a balance between the production of turbulent kinetic energy, the buoyancy flux, and the dissipation of mrbulent kinetic energy 

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