Vertebrate classification

Insect GABARs do not fit into the vertebrate classification, because most are simultaneously insensitive to the GABAA-diagnostic antagonist bicucculine but sensitive the GABAA-specific benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Bicucculine-sensitive receptors that are sensitive to allosteric modulators of GABAa receptors have also been observed in insects [26]. 

Vimses contain either RNA or DNA, and this nucleic acid composition forms the basis for thek classification. Although vimses ate known to infect bactetia, insects, plants, animals, and humans, this discussion is restticted to the important vimses of vertebrates. The relevant vimses ate summarized in Table 2, using the nomenclature and taxonomy recommended by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vimses (4,5). 

Sachs, B. D. (1999). Airborne aphrodisiac odor from estrous rats implications for pheromonal classification. InAdvances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 8, ed. R. E. Johnston, D. Miiller-Schwarze, and P. W. Sorensen, pp. 333-342. New York Kluwer Academic-Plenum. 

Fig. 28. Classification of crossbridge configurations in myosin filaments in different muscles. In each case, the axial separation is 143-145 A and the lateral separation is 120-150 A. There are three main classes (A) Class I, where the interaction is between heads of the same molecule as in vertebrate striated muscles (B) Class II, where interaction occurs between heads of adjacent myosin molecules in the same crown, as seen in insect (Lethocerus) flight muscles and (C) Glass III, where the interaction appears to be between heads in different crowns, as seen in tarantula and Limulus.

Family 29 of glycoside hydrolases classification (GH29) groups oc-L-fucosidases from plants, vertebrates, and pathogenic microbes of plants and humans [Henrissat 1991], The first archaeal a-L-fucosidase was identified in S. solfataricus (reviewed in Cobucci-Ponzano et al 2008). The analysis of the genome of S. solfataricus [She et al. 2001] revealed the presence of... 

Sponges, most molluscs, and vertebrates have a mineralized skeleton that may be internal or external. Arthropods and many molluscs have an external skeleton, commonly mineralized, stiff and chemically stable (i.e., indigestible). Culinary classification tends to cut across these boundaries, so that shellfish can be any aquatic organism with external mineralization, including molluscs and Crustacea, but not insects or land molluscs. 

Table 1. Classification and distribution of carnosine related compounds in vertebrates (placed according to...

Classification is difficult since Ig of different classes may still have some sequence homology and, hence, cross-react, or have similar biological functions but different physicochemical properties. For example, IgY of birds (Leslie and Clem, 1972) which in biological respect resembles mammalian IgG, is in physicochemical respects quite different (e.g. contains an extra domain in the heavy chain). Tentative conclusions which may be drawn are (i) homologs of mammalian IgM seem to exist in all vertebrates (ii) IgA is found in mammals and birds, IgE in mammals and, perhaps, birds (iii) IgG is restricted to mammals only and (iv) vertebrates other than mammalia may produce other Ig such as IgY and IgN (Fig. 6.1). 

Table I shows a classification of two types of vertebrate GABA receptors a muscimol type (GABA/A) and baclofen type (GABA/B). A third column was added to the listing that is based on known invertebrate activities of GABA agents and is in keeping with the subject of the symposium.

Table 4.1 presents a classification of fishes derived from Nelson (1994) in order to indicate the taxonomic position of the species studied. This classification puts the fishes in an order that reflects their postulated evolutionary relationship, ranging from the most ancient splits in vertebrate evolution, Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays), Sarcopterygii (Lung-fish, Coelacanths and Tetrapods) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes), to the most recent teleost orders, Pleuronectiformes (flounders) and Tetraodontiformes (puffers). 

Sachs BD (1999) Airborne aphrodisiac odor from estrous rats implication for pheromonal classification. In Johnston RE, Miiller-Schwarze D, Sorensen PW (eds) Advances in chemical signals in vertebrates. Plenum, New York, pp 333-342... 

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