Verongia

Cimino, G., De Rosa, S., De Stefano, S., Self, R., and Sodano, G. (1983). The bromo-compounds of the true sponge Verongia aerophoba. Tetrahedron Lett. 24, 3029-3032. 

Z1220 (351) is shown to have a benzene dioxide structure.194 Likewise, metabolites 352195 and 353196 from Verongia sponges were postulated to have been biosynthesized through arene oxides. 

Vacelet J (1975) Electron-Microscope Study of Association Between Bacteria and Sponges of Genus Verongia. J Microscopic Biol Cell 23 271... 

Friedrich AB, Merkert H, Fendert T, Hacker J, Proksch P, Hentschel U (1999) Microbial Diversity in the Marine Sponge Aplysina cavernicola (formerly Verongia cavernicola) Analyzed by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH). Mar Biol 134 461... 

Thompson JE, Barrow KD, Faulkner DJ (1983) Localization of Two Brominated Metabolites, Aerothionin and Homoaerothionin, in Spherulous Cells of the Marine Sponge Aply-sina fistularis (=Verongia thiona). Acta Zoologica 64 199... 

Aydogmus Z, Ersoy N, Imre S (1999) Chemical Investigation of the Sponge Verongia aerophoba. Turk J Chem 23 339... 

Ogamino T, Nishiyama S (2003) A New Ring-Opening Access to Aeroplysinin-1, a Secondary Metabolite of Verongia aerophoba. Tetrahedron 59 9419... 

Teeyapant R, Proksch P (1993) Biotransformation of Brominated Compounds in the Marine Sponge Verongia aerophoba — Evidence for an Induced Chemical Defense Naturwissenschaften 80 369... 

Weiss B, Ebel R, Elbrachter M, Kirchner M, Proksch P (1996) Defense Metabolites from the Marine Sponge Verongia aerophoba. Biochem Syst Ecol 24 1... 

Teeyapant R, Woerdenbag HJ, Kreis P, Hacker J, Wray V, Witte L, Proksch P (1993) Antibiotic and Cytotoxic Activity of Brominated Compounds from the Marine Sponge Verongia aerophoba. Z Naturforsch 48c 939... 

Thompson, J. E., Barrows, K. D., and Faulkner, D. J., Localization of two brominated metabolites, aerothionin and homoaerothionin, in spherulous cells of the marine sponge Aplysina fistularis (= Verongia thiona), Acta Zool., 64, 199, 1983. 

Friedrich, A. B., Merkert, H., Fendert, T., Hacker, J., Proksch, P., and Hentschel, U., Microbial diversity in the marine sponge Aplysina cavemicola (formerly Verongia cavernicola) analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Mar. Biol., 134, 461, 1999. 

Tymiak, A. A., and Rinehart, K. L., Jr., Biosynthesis of dibromotyrosine-derived antimicrobial compounds by the marine sponge Aplysina fistularis (Verongia aurea), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 6763, 1981. 

Teeyapant, R. and Proksch, P., Biotransformation of brominated compounds in the marine sponge Verongia aerophoba — evidence for an induced chemical defense, Naturwissenschaften, 80,369,1993. 

Weiss, B., Elbraechter, M., Kirchner, M., and Proksch, P., Defense metabolites from the marine sponge Verongia aerophoba, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 24, 1, 1996. 

De Rosa, M., Minale, L., and Sodano, G., Metabolism in porifera. I. Some studies on the biosynthesis of fatty acids, sterols and bromo compounds by the sponge Verongia aerophoba, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 45B, 883, 1973. 

Aerothionin, a tetrabromo derivative, has been isolated from sponges Aplysina aerophoba and Verongia thiona the proposed structure is 24 (46). The oxime 25 was formed by treatment of aerothionin with dilute alkali. The relative positions of the aromatic substituents in 25 were established by cleavage in hot 6 N HC1 to give 26 and a lactone subsequently converted by methylation to 27. The tetramethyl derivative of 25 was hydrolyzed to form... 

Aeroplysinin-1 (84) has been obtained from marine sponges belonging to the order Verongida. The first isolation of (+)-aeroplysinin-1 from Verongia aerophoha collected in the Bay of Naples (Italy) was reported by Fattorusso et al. in 1970 [77]. Since then, (-r)-aeroplysinin-l has been reported from a number of marine sponges from various geographic locations (see Table 9.2) and the (—)-isomer has been isolated from lanthella ardis ]78]. 

KH Hollenbeak, FJ Schmitz. Aplysinopsin antineoplastic tryptophan derivative from the marine sponge verongia spengelli. Lloydia 40 479-481,1977. 

This oxidation has been used in a recent synthesis of ( )-aeroplysinin-I (7), a metaboUte of the marine sponges of the genus Verongia. Lead tetraacetate oxidation of (3) gave the acetoxy dienone (4). Direct reduction of (4) with... 

Fig. 2. Electron capture—gas chromatographic analyses of standard pollutants and extracts of several marine organisms A, DDT B, DDE (first peak), DDD C, Laurencia pacifica-, D, Laurencia subopposita E, Chromobacterium sp. F, Arochlor 1242 G, Arochlor 1254 H, Plocamium cartilagineum I, Verongia sp. J, Chondria californica. The GC conditions are identical to those used to produce Fig, 1.

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