Veronal, synthesis

Extremely dry (or super-dry ) ethyl alcohol. The yields in several organic preparations e.g., malonic ester syntheses, reduction with sodium and ethyl alcohol, veronal synthesis) are considerably improved by the use of alcohol of 99-8 per cent, purity or higher. This very high grade ethyl alcohol may be prepared in several ways from commercial absolute alcohol or from the product of dehydration of rectified spirit with quicklime (see under 4). 

Boussif, O., Delair, T., Brua, C., Veron, L., Pavirani, A. and Kolben, H.V.J. (1999) Synthesis of polyallylamine derivatives and their use as gene transfer vectors in vitro. Bioconjug. Chem., 10, 877-883. 

The discovery, isolation and final synthesis of a whole group of new compounds essential to health in a balanced diet was another triumph of the chemist. These compounds called vitamins A, Ba or G, C, D, E, K, and several others closely associated with vitamin Ba, such as niacin, pantothenic acid, inositol, para-amino benzoic acid, choline, pyndoxine (Be), biotin (H), folic acid and Bn, prevent deficiency diseases such as xerophthalmia (an eye disease), beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, rickets, sterility (in rats), excessive bleeding and so forth. Professors Elmer V. McCollum and Herbert M. Evans, and Joseph Goldberger were among the early American pioneers in this field of research. Drugs, anaesthetics, and medicines like procaine, cyclopropane, dramamme, ephedrine, aspirin, phenace-tin, urotropin, veronal, quinine, and strychnine have been synthesized to alleviate the pains of mankind. The essential... 

Barbiturates. Based on the finding that some compounds containing a quaternary carbon (sulfonal and amylene) displayed hypnotic properties, in 1903, Emil Fischer and J. von Mehring synthesized 5,5-diethylbarbi-turic acid. This was marketed by Bayer as Veronal in the early 1900s. Since 1903, hundreds of barbiturates have been synthesized, but only a few turned out to be useful. In addition, because of their side effects, the synthesis of non-barbiturate hypnotics has been undertaken. 

To secure their rights they applied for patents which were granted in the same year. These were licensed to the E. Merck company to produce and sell the new drug. When Merck had difficulties with the synthesis, Fischer made contact with other companies like Kahlbaum in Berlin, and he also approached Bayer. Bayer started scientific work to improve the production conditions, and a so called convention was agreed upon for a joint use of the patents of Fischer, Mering, Merck and Bayer. In March 1904 a contract was made between these four parties. In this contract it was stated that Fischer and Mering would get 20% of the profit from the sales of Veronal. This became a very profitable business for Fischer. For... 

S. Alahrache, M. Deschamps,. Lambert, M. Suchomel, D. De Sousa Meneses, G. Matzen, D. Massiot, E. Veron, M. AUix, CrystaUization of Y2O3-AI2O3 rich glasses synthesis ofYAG glass-ceramics,. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 20499-20506. 

Propose a synthesis of veronal from diethyl propanedioate (malonic ester. Section 23-2) and urea (Section 20-6). (Hint In the presence of a base, such as an alkoxide, amides are in equilibrium with the corresponding amidates Section 20-7.)... 

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