Venturia canescens

Cline, L.D., Press, J.W., and Flaherty, B.R. 1986. Protecting uninfested packages from attack by Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) with the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 79, 418-420. 

Press, J.W., Cline, C.D. and Flaherty, B.R. (1982) A comparison of two parasitoids, Bra-con hebetor and Venturia canescens and a predator, Xylocoris flavipes in suppressing residual populations of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society 55, 725-728. 

Hvposoter exiguae Hvposoter fugitivus Venturia canescens Scelionidae... 

The interaction between pheromone-allomone-kairomone is also well established. For example, Anagasta kuhniella moths emit from the mandibular gland an epideitic (or a dispersal) pheromone which also induces parasitization by Venturia canescens 148). Sternlicht 149) reported that Aphytes mellinus and A. coheni, the two parasitic wasps of the coccid Aonidiella aurantii, were attracted by the sex pheromone... 

Some of the early work on parasitoid host location involved non-living host food. Thorpe and Jones (1937) found that Venturia canescens is attracted to the odor of oatmeal. Meat odor was found to be attractive to Alysia manducator and Nasonia Mormoniella) vitripennis (Laing, 1937). Since the source and nature of the responsible chemicals was not determined, it may be that microorganisms were involved. 

Reports of the secretory nature of the calyx region date back over twenty years. Salt (44) recognized that secretions of the calyx of the ichneumonid Venturia (= Nemeritis) canescens affected the host immune system. Studies on the ichneumonid . sonorensis revealed the presence of nuclear secretory particles associated with the calyx cells (96). Those studies were followed by the confirmation of DNA in virus particles associated with the oocytes of the braconid C. nigriceps (97). 

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